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Example of Level numbers - cobol programming:
To explain the hierarchical structure introduced above, the concept of the level number is employed in COBOL.
The most broad group should have the level number 01. The initial subdivisions can have any level number between 02 and 49. More subdivisions must follow the similar range with the restriction that an item cannot have a level number less than or equal to the level numbers of the group which may include it. However a group involves all the elementary data or smaller groups beneath it until a level number equal to or less than the level number of the said group is encountered. The illustrations reveal the concept of the level numbers.
The group DATE that was shown former in the pictorial form is described in the first illustration. In the second illustration PAY is the most comprehensive group that has three subdivisions, namely, the GROSS-PAY, DEDUCTIONS &NET-PAY. The GROSS-PAY is again subdivided into BASIC, DEARNESS & HOUSE-RENT. In similar way the deductions are further subdivided into the PF-DEDUCT and IT-DEDUCT. It may be noted that the elementary data items are BASIC, DEARNESS, HOUSE-RENT, PF-DEDUCT, and IT-DEDUCT & NET-PAY. The structure can be pictorially shown below:
Many times, in a hierarchical data structure like this, the programmer may not need a data item to be referred to in the PROCEDURE DIVISION. This situation usually arises when a group and only few of its subdivisions are to be used in the program. The remaining subdivisions do not require to be used explicitly. In such cases the word FILLER may be used to name data to which the programmer does not wish to assign a specific name. FILLER can be used as many times as needed.
MOVE CORRESPONDING: It is frequently required to move some of the data items of one group to some other data items in the other group. If the names of the equivalent data item
PROGRAM FOR SIMPLE PERFORM: We have to write a program to elaborate simple PERFORM statement Identification division. Program- id. Perf1. Environment division. Da
PROGRAM FOR DIVIDE VERB: We have to write an easy program to elaborate DIVIDE verb. You can also use edit characters in the program. Identification division. Program-
BLANK WHEN ZERO: BLANK WHEN ZERO is an editing clause that may be used along with a picture. This will set the whole data item to blanks of its value is equal to zero. Though,
Comparison of Numeric Operands: We are well-known with the kind of the relational condition where both the operands are numeric. The comparison in this situation is algebraic
RULES OF RENAMES CLAUSE: The rules below should be observed while using the RENAMES clause: (i) All RENAMES entries should be written only after the last record descript
ON SIZE ERROR OPTION: If after an arithmetic expression, the result exceeds the highest value which can be accommodated in the result; this error is termed as size error. T
Example of If- else statement Illustration: IF QUANTITY IS NUMERIC AND QUANTITY IS POSITIVE MOVE ZERO TO ERROR-CODE. COMPUTE SALES VALUE=QUANTITY*RATE
77 level used for- It is Elementary level item. it Cannot be subdivisions of other items or cannot be qualified, or they can be subdivided themselves.
REDEFINES CLAUSE: At times it may be found that two or more storage regions defined in the DATA DIVISION are not in use concurrently. In such situations only one storage regio
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