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RULES OF RENAMES CLAUSE:
The rules below should be observed while using the RENAMES clause:
(i) All RENAMES entries should be written only after the last record description entry.
(ii) The RENAMES clause should be used only with the special level number 66. The level number starts in margin A or any place after it. The Data-name-1 should start from margin B or any position after it. There should be at least one space between the level number and data-name-1.
(iii) The Data-name-2 and data-name-3 can be the names of an elementary items or group items. They, though, cannot be items of the level 01, 66, 77 or 88.
(iv) The Data-name-1 might not be used as the qualifier. It can be qualified only by the name of the record within which it is defined.
(v) Neither data-name-2 nor the data-name-3 can have an OCCURS clause in its neither description entry, nor can they be subordinate to an item which has an OCCURS clause in its data description entry.
(vi) The Data-name-3, if mentioned, should follow data-name-2, in the record and should not be one of its subfields.
/ (Slash Insertion): The edit character slash (/) also termed as virgule or stroke, may appear anyplace in the picture. When used, it will be inserted. More than one slash can
READ STATEMENTS: The common format for the read statements is as shown bellow. Format 1: READ file-name RECORD [ INTO identifier ] [ ; AT END imperative-s
Example of constructing an arithmetic expression: An arithmetic expression may be proceeded by a + or - sign. These operations are known as unary + or unary - operators. Il
ON SIZE ERROR OPTION: If after an arithmetic expression, the result exceeds the highest value which can be accommodated in the result; this error is termed as size error. T
Comparison of Nonnumeric Operands: A nonnumeric operand can be compared to the other nonnumeric operand according to the rules as shown below: (i) Fields of Equal Sizes:
FILE DESCRIPTION- FIXED-LENGTH RECORDS: The normal characteristics of a file are explained in the file description (FD) entry of the DATA DIVISION.
RULES FOR OCCURS CLAUSE: The rules apply for the OCCURS clause and the subscripts are as shown below. (1) The integer in the OCCURS clause should be a positive integer.
ADD and SUBTRACT CORRESPONDING: The CORRESPONDING option can also used with the ADD and SUBTRACT verbs. The following are some of the formats of these verbs with the CORRESPON
Write a COBOL IF sentence to use the values of numeric variables EXAM and COURSEWORK , both assumed to be with format PIC 999 and in the range 0 to 100 and to move the value:
SEARCH VERB: The SEARCH verb is used to position elements in one-dimensional tables. Let us consider the following problem. Assume that each element of a table consists of thr
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