Effective negative voltage:

Effect negative voltage of get, when depend upon

Pitch of voltage: the level of that results in id =0 ma is defined by eggs =vp with vp being a negative voltage for n channel device and positive voltage negative for p channel. It is also termed as rather than up.

Voltage control resister: the region to the left of the pitch of voltage focus in charter is referred to as holmic or voltage controlled resistance region. We have an approximate formula for resistance

Relationship between output id and input quantity: for bit, output current ice=bi

For feet, relationship between id and is defined by Shockley's equation as id=idss

Where is = drain saturation current (constant), = c