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Differentiate between various levels of data abstraction?
Data Abstraction - Abstraction is the procedure to hide the irrelevant things from the users and represent the relevant things to the user. Database systems are frequent used through non-computer professionals so in which the complexity must be hidden from database system users. This is done through defining levels of abstract as that the database may be viewed; there is logical view or external view, conceptual view and internal view or physical view.
1. External View - This is the highest level of abstraction as seen through a user. It describes only the part of whole database, that is relevant to a particular user.
2. Conceptual View - This is the next higher stages of abstraction that is the sum total of Database Management System user's views. It elaborates what data are in fact stored in the database. It contains information about whole database in terms of a small number of associatively easy structure.
3. Internal View - This is the lowest level of abstraction. It elaborates how the data are physically stored
Two-way Associations Mostly, associations are travel in both directions, although not usually with same frequency. There are three approaches for the implementation. In
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a need some real life examples of database management systems three level of ANSI SPARC architecture life teacher and student ,company and employee or for NGO etc.
How is concurrency identified? Concurrency in objects can be identified by the way they alter their state. Current objects can change their state independently. Aggregation imp
DROP TABLE Command: When an existing object is not needed for further use, it is always better to eliminate it from the database. To remove the existing object from the databas
1) Information about a bank is about customers and their account. Customer has a name, address which consists of house number, area and city, and one or more phone numbers. Ac
A relation instance indicates as r is a collection of tuples for a given relational schema at a exact point of time. A relation state r of the relation schema R (A 1 ,A 2 ,.....
A step-wise distributed database design methodology Following is a step-wise methodology for distributed database design. (1) Examine the nature of distribution. Find out wh
Explain CNT in the respects of QBE ? CNT: It is one of the aggregation commands given in QBE. It is used to identify number of tuples
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