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Differentiate between extrinsic and intrinsic semiconductor. Obtain an expression for the carrier concentration for an intrinsic semi-conductor. Also demonstrate that Fermi level in an intrinsic semiconductor lies approximately half way between the top of valence band and the bottom of conduction band.
In intrinsic semiconductors, conduction is because of intrinsic processes characteristics of crystal, without influence of impurities. A pure crystal of silicon or germanium is an intrinsic semiconductor. Electrons which are excited from the top of the valence band to the bottom of the conduction band by thermal energy are responsible for conduction. Number of electrons excited across the gap can be calculated from the Fermi-Dirac probability distribution. In extrinsic semiconductors, conduction is because of the presence of extraneous impurities. Process of deliberate addition of controlled quantities of impurities to a pure semiconductor is known as doping. Addition of impurities markedly increases the conductivity of a semiconductor. Conductivity of an intrinsic semiconductor depends on concentration of charge carriers, ne and nh. Mobility of conduction electrons and holes µe and µh can be defined as drift velocity acquired by them under unit field gradient. The conductivity σ of a semiconductor can be written
Which of the following sets of orbitals may degenerate : (1) 2s, 2p x , 2p y (2) 3s, 3p x , 3d xy (3) 1s, 2s, 3s
100 ch3-ch2-choh-ch2-ch2cl
IN AMMONIUM ION NITROGEN DOESNT HAVE VALENCE ELECTRONS IN ITS VALENCE ORBITAL.
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Nuclei tend to have more neutrons than protons at high mass numbers because: (1) Neutrons are neutral particles (2) Neutrons have more mass than protons (3) More neut
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