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Describe Physical Data independence ?
Physical Data Independence - It is capacity to modify the internal schema without having to change conceptual schema. Therefore, the external schemas required not be changed as well. Changes to the internal schema might be required because some physical files had to be reorganized to improve the performance of retrieval or update. If the similar data as before remains in the database, the conceptual schema requires not be changed.
Un-Normalized Form (UNF) If a table having non-atomic values at every row, it is said to be in UNF. An atomic value is something that cannot be further decomposed. A non-atomic
What is the need of a log in a DBMS? Briefly describe the various types of records that are normally present in a log. Ans: The system log, which is generally writt
Find out the names and company names of all employees sorted in ascending order of company name and descending order of employee names of by which company. SELECT EMPLOYEE_NAME,
Our company hires independent contractors to install equipment at precise locations across North America. We want to track the installation data and generate reports. The compan
Explain the Natural join Natural join is a binary operator which is written as (R* S) in which R and S are relations. The effect of the natural join is the set of all combinati
A super key is an attribute or set of attributes used to recognize the records uniquely in a relation. For instance, in the Relation PERSON defines earlier PERSON_ID is a super
Describe Object Relational model ? Object Relational Model - This model combines the characteristics of both relational model and object oriented model. It extends the tradit
Define null values. In some cases a certain entity may not have an applicable value for an attribute or if we do not know the value of an attribute for a certain entity. In the
Explain data dictonary on oracle ? Data Dictionary - Data dictionaries are the system tables in which contain descriptions of the database objects and how they are structured.
How can we Classify the operations on classes This step fundamentally means all three models functional, object and dynamic (studied in last section) must be combined so that
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