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Describe Physical Data independence ?
Physical Data Independence - It is capacity to modify the internal schema without having to change conceptual schema. Therefore, the external schemas required not be changed as well. Changes to the internal schema might be required because some physical files had to be reorganized to improve the performance of retrieval or update. If the similar data as before remains in the database, the conceptual schema requires not be changed.
What are the General Transformation Rules for Relational operations? Ans: The transformation rules transform one relational algebra expression to AN EQUIVALENT ONE 1. E
Physical Database Design Issues The database design includes the process of logical design with the use of E-R diagram, normalisation, etc., followed by the physical design.
Heap files (unordered file) Mostly these files are unordered files. It is the easiest and most basic type. These files having of randomly ordered records. The records will have
Which is the properties of entities? Attributes is the properties of entities.
Sub query in the UPDATE command : Example : //Double the commission for employees, who have got at least 2 increments. UPDATE EMP SET COMM = COMM * 2 WHERE
Winfield is a small city with a population of 22,000 with buses serves three routes in Winfield and neighboring areas. As the city’s IT director, you have been asked to set up an i
State about the Activity Diagram Activity diagrams show flow from one activity to other. It is an ongoing non atomic execution within a state machine. Activity finally results
what are the reasons having variable length records
The Conceptual Level or Global level The conceptual level presents a logical view of the complete database as a unified whole. It permits the user to bring all the data in th
explain the steps for reduction of er model into relational model?
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