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Q. Define waves and transmission lines?
In basic circuit theory we neglect the effects of the finite time of transit of changes in current and voltage and the finite distances over which these changes occur. We assume that changes occur simultaneously at all points in the circuits. But there are situations in which we must consider the finite time it takes for an electrical or magnetic wave to travel and the distance it will travel. It is in these situations that one must employ traveling-wave theory. Traveling-wave concepts must be used whenever the distance is so great or the frequency so high that it takes an appreciable portion of a cycle for the wave to travel the distance.
For sinusoidal signals, a wavelength λ is defined as the distance that a wave travels in one cycle or period. Since electric waves in free space travel at the velocity of light c(≅ 3×108 m/s), the free-space wavelength is given by c/f. Table shows some free-space wavelengths at selected frequencies. If the traveling-wave technique is to be employed for distances greater than 1/10 wavelength, a distance of 3 mm at 10 GHz would require the use of this technique, whereas the same distance at 100 MHz would not. On the other hand, a distance of 1 km is insignificant at power-line frequencies, but not in the broadcast band.
The connection of the high-power output of a transmitter located on a building to the transmitting antenna on a tower is often made by special conductors called transmission lines, which guide thewaves and usually consist of two ormore parallel conductors,which are separated by insulating (dielectric) materials.While transmission lines are available in many forms, Figure illustrates cross sections of some common types. The two-wire line of Figure (a) isused to connect some television antennas. The coaxial cable of Figure (b) is themost widely used of the many possible cable-type transmission lines. For printed-circuit and integrated-circuit applications, transmission lines sketched in Figures (c) through (f) are commonly employed.
Q. Use of Speaker? Speaker:Basically speaker is the receiver for telephone. Speaker converts electrical signals received from local loop to acoustical signals(sound waves) that
Q. The full-wave rectified waveform, approximated by the first three terms of its Fourier series, is given by v (ωt) = V m sin (ωt/2), for 0 ≤ ωt ≤ 2π, and where V m = 100
Zener breakdown: Zener Breakdown takes place in very thin junction i.e. when both sides of junction layer is narrow. When a small reverse bias voltage is applied a Very strong
what does electricity means?
WHAT IS X AND O
Compound motor It is possible to arrange for part of the field coil to be in series with the armature and part in parallel This gives rise to a motor with a mix
Q. Explain by using a circuit diagram, a ‘Darlington Pair'. Mention its advantages? THE DARLINGTON PAIR : This is a very special way of direct coupling of two transistors. The
Theoretical Circuit The theoretical circuit is available in form 1.Passive materials with mediocre dimension is used by the manufacturer. In order to make a theoretical circuit
State the postulates of Bohr''s atomic model. Write any three merits and demerits.
RLC Rotate Accumulator Left Instruction This instruction also rotates the contents of the accumulator towards left by one bit. The D 0 bit moves to D 1 bit moves to D
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