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One-way Associations
When an association is traversed only in the one direction, then it is implemented as a pointer i.e.an attribute which contains an object reference. If multiplicity is 'one' as shown in Figure, then it is simple pointer, otherwise it is a set of pointers.
Figure: Implementation of a one-way association using pointers
Data Independence This brings us to our next topic: data independence. It is the property of the database which tries to make sure that if we make any change in any level of sc
The State of NewYork certifies firefighters throughout state and keep track all of them, as well as of the state’s fire departments. Each fire department has unique department numb
explain participation constraints with examples
What is meant by object-oriented data model? The object-oriented paradigm is based on encapsulation of data and code related to an object in to a one unit, whose contents are n
OBJECTIVES After going through this unit you should be capable to: Explain the File Based system and its limitations; Explain the structure of DBMS; Explain the
Fourth Normal Form (4NF) When attributes in a relation have multi-valued dependency, further Normalization to 4NF and 5NF are needed. Let us first find out what multi-valued d
Question 1 Indexes are ocasionally defines on a single field of a file called an indexing field. List and describe the different types of indexes Question 2 Consider a book i
What is the meaning of Recovery? In deferred update methods, if a transaction fails before arriving its commit point, it will not have altered the database in any way, so UNDO
As with other software, databases can potentially be used for unethical purposes. As a database developer, and a consumer, you should recognize database misuse, and how it may affe
Primary index A primary index is a file that has a sorted series of records having two columns: a block address for that key field in the data file; and the ordering key field.
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