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How does a query tree represent a relational algebra expression? Ans: This includes transforming an initial expression (tree) into an equivalent expression (tree) that is
Explain the Cascadeless Schedule A cascadeless schedule is one in which for every pair of transactions Ti and Tj like that Tj reads a data item before written by Ti, the commit
What are the Constituents of File? Also elaborates all the possible file operations? A file is organised logically as sequence of record. These records are mapped onto disk blo
What is recursive closure? Why is it not possible to describe this operation in relational algebra? Recursive closure is applied to recursive relationship. An instance of rec
What are the DBMS languages? Explain. Ans: a) Data Definition Languages (DDL): It is employed to specify database schema for example CREATE DROP statements etc. b) Dat
What is a primary key? Primary key is chosen by the database designer as the principal means of identifying an entity in the entity set.
Describe integrity constraints? Integrity Constraints - A database is just as excellent as the information stored in it, and a DBMS must therefore help avoid the entry of inc
Explain Composite attribute in SQL ? Composite attribute: A composite attribute has many components, each of that is atomic or composite.
Package classes and associations into models Programs are made of separate physical units which could be edited, imported, complied or otherwise manipulated. The careful part
How the time stamps are implemented Use the value of the system clock as the time stamp. That is a transaction's time stamp is equivalent to the value of the clock when the tra
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