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The cell cycle is controlled by a cyclically operating set of reaction sequences that both trigger and coordinate key events in the cell cycle
• The cell-cycle control system is driven by a built-in clock that can be adjusted by external stimuli (chemical message).
• Checkpoint - a critical control point in the cell cycle where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cell cycle o Animal cells have built-in stop signals that halt the cell cycles and checkpoints until overridden by go-ahead signals. o Three Major checkpoints are found in the G1, G2, and M phases of the cell cycle.
• The G1 checkpoint - the Restriction Point o The G1 checkpoint ensures that the cell is large enough to divide, and that enough nutrients are available to support the resulting daughter cells. o If a cell receives a go-ahead signal at the G1 checkpoint, it will usually continue with the cell cycle o If the cell does not receive the go-ahead signal, it will exit the cell cycle and switch to a non-dividing state called G0 o Actually, most cells in the human body are in the G0 phase.
• The G2 checkpoint ensures that DNA replication in S phase has been completed successfully. • The metaphase checkpoint ensures that all of the chromosomes are attached to the mitotic spindle by a kinetochore.
Budding - Types of Asexual Reproduction In reproduction through budding, small groups of cells form buds in some part or parts of the parent animal. The bud grows, differentia
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