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Q. Explain the basic architecture of digital switching systems. Explain in detail companding.
Ans:
A simple N X N time division space switch is displayed in Figure. Switch can be represented in an equivalence form as a two-stage network with N X 1 and 1 X N switching matrices for first and second stages corresponding as displayed in Figure. Network has one link interconnecting the two stages. Every inlet/outlet is a single speech circuit corresponding to a subscriber line. Speech is carried as PAManalogue samples or PCM digital samples, occurring at 125-µs intervals. When PAM samples are switched in a time division manner, switching is called analogue time division switching. If PCM binary samples switched, then switching is termed as digital time division switching. In Figure, the interconnected by a suitable control mechanism and speech sample transferred from the inlet to the outlet.
One of the simplest circuits is the asynchronous or ' ripple' counter. Below is shown the circuit diagram of a simple 3 stage ripple counter. The operation of this circuit
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What is the clock frequency of 8086? Internal clock Frequency 5 MHz 8MHz External Clock Frequency 15MHZ 24MHZ
(a) Some antennas have a physical aperture area A that can be identified and is related to the effective area A e by A e = ρ a A, where ρ a is known as the aperture efficiency.
Q. Sketch the asymptotic Bode diagrams for the following functions:
(a) "Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), as used in telephony, samples a signal at 8 kHz using 256 quantization levels". i. Outline how this scheme works with the help of sketches and,
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