Already have an account? Get multiple benefits of using own account!
Login in your account..!
Remember me
Don't have an account? Create your account in less than a minutes,
Forgot password? how can I recover my password now!
Enter right registered email to receive password!
GROUP 13: ALUMINUM TO THALLIUM
The substance aluminum, indium, gallium and thallium have valence electron configurations (ns)2(np)1 and for the lighter elements their chemistry is dominated by the +3 oxidation state. The group trends are very different from those in groups 2 and 1. The Al3+ ion has a large radius ratio and is rigidly polarizing, so that significant deviations from simple ionic behavior are usually observed. The filling of the d shells (and 4f in period 6) goes to decreased electropositive character for Tl and Ga, In similar to that shown in group 12. There is also a progressive stabilization of lower oxidation states in lower side of the group.
Aluminum is common metallic element in the Earth's crust, being a constituent of almost all silicate minerals. Weathering leaves deposits of the very insoluble aluminum minerals Al(OH)3 and AlO(OH), known together as bauxite, which forms the principal source of the element. The metal is produce by electrolysis of fused cryolite Na3[AlF6]. Although reactive when clean, the metal easily builds a very resistant oxide film, which performs widespread applications as a lightweight construction material and in other vessels and cooking.
In, Ga and Tl are much less common substance, collect in small amounts from sulfide minerals of other elements and used only in specialized applications. The metals are less performing than aluminum in which the much bigger negative slope (negative electrode potential of Al is apparent. Thallium elements are extremely toxic but do not usually pose an environmental hazard because they are little used.
Classification of polymers - Thermoplastics These are the polymers that can be simply softened repeatedly while heated and hardened when cooled along with little change in the
all
discuss importance of distribution ratio
Preparation of benzaldehyde by etard''s reaction
Iodide ion is a good nucleophiles Because iodide ion is a good nucleophiles and the trimethyloxonium ion is an good alkylating agent, alkylation of the iodide ion occu
what is flame coloration?
1. Wet air containing 4.0 mole% water vapor at 76°F and 14.8 psia is passed through a column of calcium chloride pellets. The pellets absorb 97% of the water and none of the oth
what is meant by 100% current efficiency in electrogravimetry
preparation of cycloalkanes
Uses of Acetylene (a) Acetylene is utilized as an illuminant. (b) It is utilized for the production of oxy-acetylene flame. The high temperature of the flame is above. Is ut
Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!
whatsapp: +91-977-207-8620
Phone: +91-977-207-8620
Email: [email protected]
All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd