Q. Adverse effect to intestinal mucosa?

Alcohol: Alcohol is known to cause damage to intestinal mucosa independent of gastric acid content. Thus high amounts are not advised.

Cigarette smoking: Smoking of cigarette causes an adverse effect because of the presence of nicotine which causes pyloric incompetence, increased reflux of duodenal juice into the stomach, increased gastric acid secretion by favouring gastrin secretion, decrease pancreatic bio carbonate synthesis. Stopping smoking is highly recommended for peptic ulcer patients.