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We are use to using variables within C without thinking about where they are stored. Most variables are dynamic i.e. can change, therefore they are stored in Ram, unlike a program once developed is static i.e. doesn't change; this is often storage in EPROM or Rom. We can directly access the address where the variable is stored by means of the address operator '&' .This returns the address of the variable followed i.e.
printf("The address of var A is %lx and the contents of var A is %x",&a,a) This address is often fixed by the compiler and cannot be altered easily, very often we want initialize the address of a variable and vary it, C uses the concept of the pointer to handle this. A pointer is a variable which holds an address (This is in fact an address register on the 68Hc11 i.e. X, Y). We can explicitly load up the variable with any number (address which we like) and perform simple mathematical functions on it i.e. add, mul, sub etc. In order to declare the variable as a pointer we need to prefix it with a * in its declarations i.e.
int *point; char *point; float *point;
The type of pointer used describes the size of the data to be read i.e. a char pointer reads 7 bits of data , unsigned char 8 bits i.e. (some programmers use sizeof function to get actual machine size).
char * point == 7 bits unsigned char * point == 8 bits int * point == 15 bits unsigned int * point == 16 bits float * point == 31 bits unsigned float * point == 32 bits
Explain the Exit (status) Function Exit function causes the calling process to be terminated. Actually, all file descriptors are immediately closed but the process is not
Question 1 Describe about the shells of Linux operating system Question 2 Describe briefly about GNOME desktop Question 3 Write note on the following- Encryp
What are threads? A thread is alike to sequential programs. Single threads have a beginning, sequence and end. At any given point in time during the runtime of the thread there
Buffering Messages exchanged by communication processes reside in a impermanent queue. Such a queue can be executed in three ways. Zero capacity: The queue length is 0.
Q. What is the purpose of system calls? Answer: System calls permit user-level processes to request services of the operating system.
Define busy waiting and spinlock. When a process is in its significant section, any other process that tries to enter its critical section must loop continuously in the entry c
Research the phenomenon of data races. Give an example of how an unprotected data race can give rise to data inconsistency. How do OpenMP and Cilk resolve this problem? Data
Placement algorithms :calculate where in available real-memory to execute a program. Common functions are next-fit, first-fit, and best-fit. Replacement algorithms :are
bootstrap
As we already know, threadsmust ensure consistency; otherwise, race conditions (non-deterministic results) might happen. Now consider the "too much milk problem": two people share
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