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We are use to using variables within C without thinking about where they are stored. Most variables are dynamic i.e. can change, therefore they are stored in Ram, unlike a program once developed is static i.e. doesn't change; this is often storage in EPROM or Rom. We can directly access the address where the variable is stored by means of the address operator '&' .This returns the address of the variable followed i.e.
printf("The address of var A is %lx and the contents of var A is %x",&a,a) This address is often fixed by the compiler and cannot be altered easily, very often we want initialize the address of a variable and vary it, C uses the concept of the pointer to handle this. A pointer is a variable which holds an address (This is in fact an address register on the 68Hc11 i.e. X, Y). We can explicitly load up the variable with any number (address which we like) and perform simple mathematical functions on it i.e. add, mul, sub etc. In order to declare the variable as a pointer we need to prefix it with a * in its declarations i.e.
int *point; char *point; float *point;
The type of pointer used describes the size of the data to be read i.e. a char pointer reads 7 bits of data , unsigned char 8 bits i.e. (some programmers use sizeof function to get actual machine size).
char * point == 7 bits unsigned char * point == 8 bits int * point == 15 bits unsigned int * point == 16 bits float * point == 31 bits unsigned float * point == 32 bits
Consider a large web-based database. In some sense, Google is sort of like this. There might be many users who want to read from the database, but only a few users who are allowed
Explain the general structure of a typical process? There are basically four main sections through which each of the process has to pass through.The universal algorithm is:-
what is the need-to-know principle? why is it important for a protection system to adhere to this principle?
USER-LEVEL THREADS (ULT) In this level the kernel isn't aware of the existence of threads -- All thread management is complete by the application by using a thread library. Th
Transparency Users must be able to access remote resources as though these resources were local. Transparency should as well promote user mobility. Users must be allowed
Q. Provide two programming instances in which multithreading provides better performance than a single-threaded solution. Answer: (1) A Web server that services every request
How are file sharing and protection implemented? To execute file sharing and protection the system have to maintain more file and directory attributes than are needed on a sing
FCFS (First Come, First Served) Perform operations in order requested No reordering of work queue No starvation every demand is serviced Poor performance
shell program for Armstrong number
Describe the technique of packing. The physical record size will not accurately match the length of the desired logical record and the Logical records may even differ in length
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