Reference no: EM132279080
Art Discussion 200 words
Post is 200-250 words or longer and makes an insightful, relevant, focused argument and discusses it in depth
• Post is logically sound.
• Post supports points with specific evidence, textual and visual analysis, and quotations.
• Post presents a new idea to the forum (not already discussed).
Prompt 1 of 2: In what ways does Albrecht Dürer's Four Apostles serve as an expression of the Protestant faith?
Prompt 2 of 2: What are the major characteristics of Mannerist art and architecture? Select a Mannerist painting, sculpture, and architectural work, and describe the Mannerist features of each.
Peer Response 1:
• Response is approx. 100-150 words or longer and well written.
• It enriches the discussion by expanding on a post's idea or approaching it from a new direction.
Albrecht Dürer's Four Apostles is a pictorial manifesto of the artist's personal beliefs, as indicated by the positioning of the titular apostles. Peter, "representative of the pope in Rome, plays a secondary role behind John the Evangelist" (283) due to John's keen interest in preaching Christ and his gospel, and not the doctrines later issued by the church.
This is exemplified by John's reading of the bible, which was considered the only faithful source of God's wisdom and demands (283). This is one of the reasons why Luther divorced, as it were, from the mainstream Church: the Catholic faith didn't allow translations of the bible to be made public, whereas Luther wanted each worshipper to have a bible of her own, so no third party could warp the words of God out of selfish interests.
And so it comes as no surprise that the quotes at the bottom of this oil painting came from Luther's German translation of the bible (283).
Venus, Cupid, Folly, and Time: Mannerism was the response against Raphael's Greco-Roman Classicism. Naturalism and idealized figures were replaced with far more rigid depictions of bodies in artificial and strange scenes. Bronzino depicted "learned allegories with lascivious undertones" (276) to convey ambiguous, but elegant, meanings. The characters in the painting, along with their design reveal an uneasy and incestuous love between Venus and Cupid, mother and son. Moreover, the painting seems to suggest love itself is foolish and an ailment to the mind.
Abduction of the Sabine Women: Created by Flemish artist Giovanni da Bologna, this spiral-like sculpture requires the viewer to walk about it in order to see it completely. The "prominence of open spaces passing through the masses" (278) contributes to "the shifting imagery" (278). Thus, an undeniable motion in the three characters is achieved as they fight and capture each other perpetually.
Palazzo del Te: The façade of the palace is considered "an enormous parody of Bramante's classical style...a manifesto announcing the artifice of architectural design" (279). Giulio Romano, the man responsible for the building, had wit in creativity in constructing the Duke's home: whether it was not fully settling the keystones, or placing them on the pediments, or creating the illusion of the building's impending collapse, the Duke highly appreciated Romano's creativity and self-confidence in his style.
Peer Response 2:
• Response is approx. 100-150 words or longer and well written.
• It enriches the discussion by expanding on a post's idea or approaching it from a new direction.
The Four Apostles is an oil painting created by Albrecht Dürer, without commission, that is presented upon two-panels. He presented this painting to the city father of Nuremberg in 1526 to be placed in city hall. On the left panel, depicted are John the Evangelist and Saint Peter, who is holding a key while they are reading the bible. On the right panel, depicted is Saint Mark and Saint Paul, the spiritual father of Protestantism.
The positions that Dürer painted the figures in supports Martin Luther. Dürer purposefully painted Saint Peter "as representative of the pope in Rome, to a secondary role by placing him behind John the Evangelist" (283) because of his prominence for Luther and his focus on Christ and his Gospel.
Some of the major characteristics of Mannerist art could be the exaggeration or alteration of proportions, unusual complexities, posture, and expression. The painting I selected is the Entombment of Christ which was created by Jacopo Da Pontormo. The Mannerist features in this painting included leaving a void in the painting instead of having a concentrated mass in the center like artists would in the High Renaissance. This void is a resemblance of "loss and grief" (275).
In Giovanni de Bologna's Abduction of the Sabine Women, Mannerist characteristics are presented by his figure composition in the sculpture. The sculpture of "the three bodies interlock on a vertical axis, creating an ascending spiral movement" (278).
Giulio Romano designed the Palazzo del Tè and aimed to "reveal the contrived nature of architectural design" (279). This architectural design was seen as a parody of Bramante's classical style because of the deceiving columns that look unable to support the triglyphs.
Kleiner, Fred S. Gardner's Art Through the Ages: A Concise Global History. Cengage Textbook. Kindle Edition.
Bio Post
What is the element of luck in genetics? So far we have explored genetics and possible links to the environment. We have also seen that genetics depends on DNA instructions, which can be altered. Where do these mutations come from? How do they occur?
Well, this week we look at mechanisms of events that cause mutations as well has how likely it is to get a mutation, not just through inheritance, but from scratch, i.e., a new mutation within your cells as your body grows, maintains itself through cell division and grows old. I want you to discuss the element of ‘luck' (or bad luck) that scientists find in nature when it comes to having a mutation or genetic disease.
Read the gene and environment commentary in the Journal Science by Jeremy Berg, one of the preeminent biochemists of our times, and an article in the Washington Post reporting on new research confirming that roughly two-thirds of mutations contributing to cancer are the result of random copying errors and not inherited mutations or caused by exposure to environmental toxins or radiation (Genes, environment and bad luck. Science 2017.pdf)Preview the document.
Bio Peer Response 100 words:
Bio Questions:
Submit your answers to the following questions:
1. What are the factors that influence the mutation rates of human genes"
2. Although it is well known that X-rays cause mutations, they are routinely used to diagnose medical problems, including potential tumors, broken bones, and dental cavities. Why is this done? What precautions need to be taken?
3. Define and compare the following types of nucleotide substitutions. Which is likely to cause the most dramatic mutant effect?
a) missense mutations
b) nonsense mutations
c) frameshift mutations
4. Two types of mutations discussed in this chapter are 1) nucleotide changes and 2) unstable genome regions that undergo dynamic changes. Describe each type of mutation.
5. Tay-Sachs disease is an autosomal recessive disease. Affected individuals do not often survive to reproductive age. Why has Tay-Sachs persisted in humans?