Structures for macroscopic anatomy of lungs

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Reference no: EM133930513

Question s

Know function and structures for macroscopic anatomy of lungs (lobes, pleural layers and spaces, blood flow to and from lungs) and location (body cavity; relationship to mediastinum).

What is the flow of air down conducting and respiratory zones (know all the anatomical structures the air passes through) and basic functions of these structures?

Know the function of alveolar macrophages, Type I and Type II alveolar cells, surfactant, elastic fibers, cartilage in terms of respiratory functions

What is the mechanism & regulation of pulmonary ventilation (how do we breathe)? What pressures are important? What determines where air flows? How do we regulate breathing rate and depth?

What are ways that there can be resistance to air flow (what are factors that impede or slow down the flow of air)?

What are measurements/assessments of ventilation and related homeostatic components (eupnea, hypercapnia, tidal volume, minute ventilation, FEV1, etc.)

What are the gases that we breathe in? What are the relative percentages?

Know transport of gases in the blood (including specific ways O2 and CO2 are transported).

Review the structure of hemoglobin. What gases does it carry? What affects the loading of gases and unloading of gases from the hemoglobin protein?

Understand basic diffusion principles - how do gases move? How are gases exchanged between the pulmonary capillaries and the lungs? How are gases exchanged at the systemic capillaries and tissues?

What are things that can affect the ability of a gas to diffuse to another location? (Think about respiratory membrane, or obstructions in blood vessels that block flow of blood, etc.)

Know respiratory disorders: pulmonary edema, asthma, COPD, sleep apnea, RDS, IRDS and ARDS. Know risk factors, causes, signs/symptoms, and consequences of each.

Generally, know what an obstructive respiratory disorder is versus a restrictive respiratory disorder.

Important Medical Terms: Define the following terms:

Eupnea:

Hyperpnea:

Dyspnea:

Orthopnea:

Apnea:

Respiratory arrest:

Kussmaul breathing:

Hyperventilation:

Hypoventilation:

Reference no: EM133930513

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