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1. Signalling through co-stimulatory receptors such as CD28 and CTLA4 are critical for the regulation of T cell activation.
a. Inflammation can increase expression of co-stimulatory ligands (such as CD80/86) on APC surfaces. Inflammation is thought to play a role in the causation of some autoimmune diseases, and inflammation can worsen autoimmune responses. Using what you know of T-cell activation and function, focusing on co-stimulatory receptor/ligand interactions, explain why inflammation may increase the risk of autoimmune diseases.
b. Abatacept is a CTLA-4-Ig fusion protein. It binds to CD80 and CD86, preventing CD80/86 from binding to both CTLA-4 and CD28. Abatacept can be used in the treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis, an autoimmune disease. How would abatacept binding of CD80/86 help in the treatment of autoimmune disease?
c. There are both cancer treatments and autoimmune disease treatments that target CTLA4. Ipilimumab and tremelimumab are CTLA-4 blocking antibodies that are under clinical development for treatment of melanoma and other cancers (a blocking antibody binds to the target, CTLA-4, and prevents the natural ligand from binding, blocking signal from CTLA-4). How would a CTLA-4 blocking antibody enhance tumour responses?
The assignment in management is a two part assignment dealing 1.Theory of function of management. 2. Operations and Controlling.
Mountain Man Brewing, a family owned business where Chris Prangel, the son of the president joins. Due to increase in the preference for light beer drinkers, Chris Prangel wants to introduce light beer version in Mountain Man. An analysis into the la..
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Prepare a major handout on the key principles of instructional leadership
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