Reference no: EM131373484

1. Social psychology differs from sociology in its focus on ______.

people's susceptibility to clever advertising

the influences of the social world in which we exist

abnormal behavior

conformity

attribution

2. "Look! Up in the sky! It's a bird. It's a plane. It's Superman!" If you looked up, would you be conforming?

Yes. You would be looking up because you were told to do so.

No. Conformity requires that you base your behavior on what other people are doing, not being told to do so.

Yes. Conformity means doing what you are told or else.

No. Looking up only means you are curious.

Yes. Conformity means responding when you have a choice.

3. Vince has always believed children deserve the best prenatal care available. During a class discussion, he hears the first of several speakers express very negative attitudes toward spending tax money on prenatal care for the poor. When it is his turn to speak, he voices an opinion more in keeping with the previous speakers. Vince's behavior is an example of _______________________.

compliance

persuasion

obedience

altruism

conformity

4. It is 1951, and you are required to participate in a perception experiment. You join seven others seated in a room. You are shown a 10-inch test line and must choose the line that matches it in length from a choice of three lines. The experimenter, Solomon Asch, is studying _____________________.

bystander apathy

social loafing

groupthink

compliance

conformity

5. Voluntarily yielding to social norms, even at the expense of one's own preference, is called ______.

obedience

submission

social loafing

conformity

compliance

6. In what way is compliance different from conformity?

Compliance is a response to a direct request, whereas conformity is a response to indirect social pressure.

Conformity and compliance are very similar; the distinction depends on whether one is a male or female.

Conformity involves direct group pressure for change, whereas compliance involves orders or commands.

Compliance involves eliciting reaction on the part of group members, whereas conformity involves subliminal persuasion.

Compliance involves soliciting the reactions of individuals, whereas conformity involves direct group pressure.

7. Which factor significantly decreased the likelihood of conformity in Solomon Asch's studies?

the task difficulty was increased

the confederates were all adults

one confederate gave a correct response

the participants were given two chances at responding

polling the respondents individually

8. In Solomon Asch's study on conformity, the number of confederates was found to have a significant impact on the participants' likelihood of giving an incorrect answer. How many confederates did Asch find maximized the likelihood of conformity occurring?

2

4

6

8

12

9. Which aspect of culture tends to decrease rates of conformity?

serole stereotypes

low socioeconomic status

high level of individualism

low levels of societal dependence

high levels of societal dependence

10. Research has found support for Asch's findings in countries including Hong Kong, Japan, and Zimbabwe. In fact, in these locations the conformity effect was even higher than Asch reported. What might explain this increase in conformity?

These three countries are all located in warmer climates, which Asch found leads to more conformity.

These three countries have generally collectivist cultures.

These three countries have generally individualistic cultures.

These three countries did not have access to Asch's work, so their findings were not influenced by the original study.

These three countries all have uniformly low socioeconomic status.

11. When members of a group give priority to the cohesiveness of the group over the facts of a situation, they are engaging in what social psychologists call _____.

mass thought

consumerism

solidarity think

social conformity

groupthink

12. After a group of gang members learned that their friend had died in a seemingly random accident, several of the friends started blaming a rival gang for the death. Even though there was no evidence whatsoever that the death had been intentional, the more the friends talked, the more passionate they became in their belief that an act of revenge was necessary. What concept from social psychology may contribute to an act of violent revenge in this case?

social influence

prosocial behavior

altruism

self-serving bias

groupthink

13. The prime minister notices that her closest advisors never seem to disagree with her or with each other on a lot of important issues, such as arms control. She worries that she is not getting the pros and cons of different issues because her advisors are engaging in ______.

latent obedience

intrinsic reinforcement

latent learning

stereotyping

groupthink

14. Many people hang up on telemarketers, but others will listen politely to their pitches even if they are not interested in the product. Telemarketers know that anyone who agrees to listen to a pitch is more likely to buy the product, thanks to the ________ phenomenon.

risky shift

polarization

foot-in-the-door

door-in-the-face

norm of reciprocity

15. The tendency of people to comply with a second, larger request after complying with a small request is called the ______ technique.

lowball

door-in-the-face

foot-in-the-door

response cue

that's-not-all technique

16. While walking through an airport, a well-dressed lady walks up to you and pins a flower on your shirt, saying "I'd like you to have this flower on behalf of the Brotherhood of Friends. Would you like to make a donation to our cause?" This lady is attempting to use the _____________ to get your money.

foot-in-the-door technique

that's-not-all technique

norm of reciprocity

lowball technique

door-in-the-face

17. A consultant was telling newly-hired salespeople about techniques they can use to increase sales. At one point he was talking about increasing compliance by creating a sense of obligation. Because one of the last classes you took before you graduated was Social Psychology, you recognize the concept as ________________.

the norm of reciprocity

indebtedness

foot-in-the-door effect

returning a favor

the lowball technique

18. What is a difference between obedience and conformity?

In obedience, there is a difference in status between the one who obeys and the one who makes the request.

Conformity requires strict adherence to the rules, whereas obedience does not.

Obedience is an indirect request, whereas conformity is a direct request.

In conformity, there is a perceived difference in status between the one who conforms and the group.

Conformity involves agreeing to change in response to a request, whereas obedience involves an indirect request for agreement.

19. A social psychologist has been invited to give a community lecture on the importance of Milgram's research. He asks a social psychology class for suggested titles. Which of the following titles might they suggest as the most appropriate?

"Obedience and Aggression Are Inborn"

"Do Not Underestimate the Power of Perceived Authority"

"Training in Ethics Can Overcome the Pull of Obedience"

"Make a Small Request First and the World Can Be Yours"

"Informed Consent as an Integral Component of Obedience Research"

20. Imagine that 100 individuals are asked to take part in a replication of Milgram's famous study on obedience. How are these 100 people likely to respond?

The majority would administer 450 volts as instructed.

The majority would immediately realize the use of deception and leave.

Most of the women would refuse to obey, whereas almost all of the men would obey.

Most of the participants would work together to force the experimenter to end the experiment.

Most of the participants would demand to speak to the "subject" to see if the pain was becoming too severe.

21. On the 72nd hole of the U.S. Open golf tournament, Phil Mickelson misses a one-foot putt that would have won the championship. During an interview afterward, he stated, "I've made that putt a thousand times on the practice green. I can't believe that I missed it!" Based on your knowledge of social psychology, which phenomenon may have contributed to the errant putt?

social loafing

social facilitation

diffusion of ability

social compliance

social impairment

22. An individual who exerts less effort when working on a group task if individual contributions will not be evaluated is engaging in what is called _____.

social loafing

social idleness

social facilitation

the goof-off phenomenon

malingering

23. What do we call judgments about people, situations, objects, or thoughts?

cognitions

stereotypes

attitudes

attributions

perceptions

24. Attitudes are __________________.

Innate

generally positive

learned

unchangeable

generally negative

25. Which of the following is the best example of the behavioral component of an attitude?

Bea feels recycling is a great concept.

Bob is upset when he hears a corporation plans to build a polluting plant near his home.

Bill struggles to understand the arguments both sides present in a debate over a new manufacturing plant.

Beth believes that all freshman women should live in a dormitory.

Betty writes a letter to her senator asking for support of a law making corporations responsible for the pollution they cause.

26. Roberta is trying to decide whether to vote for a political candidate. Based on what she has read about him, she has concluded that he is not qualified for the position, but she agrees with his political positions. Also, she trusts him and likes his decisive personality. In fact, she likes him so much that she sent a small donation to his campaign. Her opinion that the candidate is not qualified represents the ______ component of her attitude toward him.

cognitive

feeling

intuition

behavioral

situational

27. Jaquan's parents have been talking to him about the negative aspects of drugs ever since he was a youngster. Now that he is a teenager, he knows that some of his friends smoke marijuana. At a party one night, a friend offers Jaquan a joint. Jaquan declines the offer, stating that he hates drugs. Even though he has never tried drugs to form his own opinion of them, which method of attitude formation has kept him from making a mistake?

direct contact

direct instruction

interaction with others

classical conditioning

vicarious conditioning

28. A state of tension that occurs when a person's attitudes do not match the person's actions is called __________.

cognitive dissonance

the validity effect

the fundamental attribution error

routinization

attitudinal dysfunction

29. Which one of the following activities will NOT reduce cognitive dissonance?

changing the behavior to match the attitude

changing the thought to justify the behavior

developing new thoughts to justify the behavior

continuing the behavior in spite of the conflicting thoughts

spending time with people who engage in the same behavior

30. Which of the following is an example of cognitive dissonance?

You are a lousy cook but you keep trying different recipes.

You dislike doing exercise but do it anyway to improve your health.

You are polite and civil to people you dislike.

You stop eating your favorite dessert to reduce fat in your diet.

You believe that reality TV is for morons but are addicted to American Idol and watch every episode.

31. Which of the following was a finding in the classic study by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959)?

Those who got $1 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting than did those who got $20.

Those who got $20 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting than did those who got $1.

Paid groups said the task was less boring than did nonpaid groups.

Women performed the tasks for less money than men.

Men performed the tasks for less money than women.

32. Which part of the brain has been identified as being particularly active when people experience cognitive dissonance?

the left frontal cortex

the anterior amygdala

the ascending pyramidal tracks

the dorsolateral hypothalamus

the corpus callosum

33. Your best friend has been acting rather cool toward you lately. As you try to figure out why, you are engaging in the process called ________________.

attribution

causal analysis

ascribing values

nonverbal communication

rationalization

34. A group of Ray's friends have been waiting for Ray for an hour. One says, ?He never remembers anything." Another says, "He's probably caught in rush hour traffic." What are these friends doing that might be of interest to a social psychologist?

They are making attributions.

They are reducing dissonance levels.

They are conforming to the group's norms.

They are forming initial impressions of Ray.

They are expressing prejudices about Ray.

35. When we make situational attributions, we are identifying the cause of an action as something _____.

in the environment

in the person's disposition

that is a biological trait

with an unconscious motivation

that has been classically conditioned

36. Which of the following individuals is most likely to make the fundamental attribution error?

Maggie, a 24-year-old Caucasian woman

Jethro, a 18-year-old Caucasian man

Anut, a 46-year-old Pakistani woman

Mona, a 72-year-old Hawaiian woman

Ming, a 35-year-old Chinese woman

37. What is the term for the process of developing our first knowledge about another person?

social interaction

stereotyping

impression formation

interpersonal judgment

social cognition

38. "We" have all different types of personalities and lots of endearing little quirks, whereas "they" all think and act alike. This assumption would be an example of the cognitive schema called ______________.

mindlessness

a stereotype

a fundamental attribution error

mental set

dispositional cause

39. The issue of racial profiling has been a controversial topic in the United States for many years, and it was particularly widespread after the events of September 11, 2001. When an individual engages in profiling and assumes that one person must possess certain qualities because of their race or ethnicity, (s)he is engaging in _____________.

attribution

discrimination

stereotyping

social loafing

categorizing

40. Prejudice is a(n) _________, whereas discrimination is a(n) ________.

dislike; hatred

hatred; dislike

response; cognition

behavior; attitude

attitude; behavior

41. A social group of people viewed as competitors, enemies, or different and unworthy of respect is a(n) ______.

pariah

in-group

threat-group

out-group

rival group

42. What term do social psychologists use for the process of making people in an out-group responsible for the problems of people in the in-group?

groupthink

pariah formation

deindividuation

scapegoating

situational attribution

43. Which social psychology theory best explains the fact that the majority of the riots that took place following the trial of the police officers accused of beating Rodney King did not take place in white neighborhoods, but rather in the neighborhoods of Asian Americans and Asians who had recently immigrated to the United States?

scapegoating

social diffusion

the bystander effect

prejudice

identification

44. Which of the following illustrates the power of complementary traits?

An outgoing woman marries a shy man.

A girl marries the boy next door.

Two tennis players become good friends.

A girl and a boy who both like jogging fall in love.

A girl who learns that a boy likes her begins to like the boy.

45. Which of the following examples describes the rule of attraction called reciprocity of liking?

Mary likes Julio because he is so different from her.

Sabrina loves Clark because he lives next door to her.

Tameka likes Raphael because he likes her.

Marcia likes Donald because he is rich.

Ellen likes Bret because they both like soccer.

46. The saying, "Out of sight, out of mind," can easily summarize which of the following social psychological phenomenon in regards to attraction?

proximity

reciprocal liking

similarity

physical attractiveness

closeness

47. The hormone associated with aggression seems to be ___________.

testosterone

estrogen

MDH

peptone

serotonin

48. One conclusion of much of the research on media and violence is that ____________.

TV causes violence

aggressive children tend to watch violent TV more than nonaggressive children

TV tends to make nonaggressive children become aggressive

violent TV programs are responsible for over 75 percent of aggression among children

the effect of violence in TV programs is reduced when parents use physical punishment

49. According to the research of Latané and Darley, which of the following situations would be the most likely in which someone would offer to help?

person on the side of the road with a flat tire during rush hour

person asking for help in a crowded stadium parking lot

person falling down coming out of an elevator with only one other person in it

a student falling off a ladder outside a full classroom

person choking in a crowded restaurant

50. Which of the following individuals would be the LEAST likely to help?

Carrie, who sees Carl's car is on fire

Leah, who while walking alone sees a young boy caught in a sewer drain pipe

Susanna, who is in a bad mood and sees a car flip over on a crowded intersection

Kathleen, who who sees a student who is having trouble getting in her car after dark

Jessica, who is a nurse and sees a man having a heart attack in his car in a deserted parking lot

51. Which of the following psychological approaches is most concerned with the importance of how humans encode, store, and retrieve information?

behavioral approach

psychodynamic approach

cognitive approach

biopsychosocial approach

biological approach

52. Which coefficient indicates the strongest correlation?

1.00

-.66

0.00

+.33

+.75

53. When subjects in an experimental group put a puzzle piece in the wrong place, the experimenter unconsciously tapped his feet. The experimenter did not tap his feet when subjects in the control group placed a puzzle piece in the wrong place. One method to eliminate the tapping of the experimenter is by instituting:

the single-blind procedure

the double-blind procedure

the placebo effect

the subject bias effect

the independent variable

54. Mr. Allen owns a business with nine employees. Mr. Allen's annual salary is $90,000. His assistant earns $60,000 annually. Of his other employees, three earn $25,000 each and his five part-time workers earn $15,000 each. For this distribution, the mean is:

the same as the median

lower than both the median and mode

lower than the median, but higher than the mode

higher than both the median and mode

lower than the mode, but higher than the median

55. Loss of the ability of the brain to produce adequate levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine often results in:

amnesia

Alzheimer's disease

schizophrenia

aphasia

Parkinson's disease

56. Which of the following glands interact most directly with the hypothalamus and all other glands to help regulate body processes?

pituitary

adrenal

thyroid

ovaries

ganglion

57. Which of the following tasks are primarily a right cerebral hemisphere function in most people?

recognizing faces

understanding written language

understanding spoken language

processing sensory information from the right arm

processing sensory information from the left eye

58. Painkilling substances produced by the brain are known as

hormones

endorphins

serotonin

pheromones

neurotransmitters

59. When Jacob saw shadows of people behind him on the walls of the dark alley, his blood pressure increased and breathing rate sped up. These physical reactions were most directly regulated by his:

somatosensory system

somatic nervous system

sympathetic nervous system

parasympathetic nervous

motor sensory system

60. According to Kohlberg's theory, postconventional morality requires thinking in Piaget's:

sensorimotor level

preoperational level

concrete operational level

formal operational level

conventional level

61. The rooting reflex is characterized by neonates:

grasping objects that press against their palms

arching their bags and drawing up their legs in a response to sudden loud noises

fanning their toes when their soles are stimulated

turning their head toward stimuli when touched on their cheeks

crying when their food source is taken away from them

62. According to the social learning theory, gender identity results from:

labeling a child as a girl or boy

observation and imitation of significant role models

reinforcement of gender-appropriate behaviors and punishment of gender-inappropriate behaviors

chromosomal and hormonal differences during prenatal development

cognitively labeling of oneself

63. Receptors for kinesthesis are located in the:

semicircular canals

olfactory epithelium

retinal

cochlea

basilar ganglia

64. The theory that explains how one experiences pain when pain messages pass through the spinal cord via small nerve fibers that carry pain signals is:

the opponent-process theory

Weber's law

the feature-detection law

the trichromatic theory

the gate-control theory

65. The most common form of color blindness is related to the deficiencies in the:

bipolar cells

blue-yellow system

blue-red system

red-green system

black-white system

66. Sleep spindles and K-complexes are most closely associated with:

Stage 1 sleep

Stage 2 sleep

Stage 3 sleep

Stage 4 sleep

REM

67. In small quantities, alcohol can be mistaken for a stimulant because it:

stimulates the sympathetic nervous system

speeds up the respiration and heart rate

inhibits control of emotions

induces sleep

affects the cerebellum

68. Studies of learning conducted by Garcia have shown that animals develop an aversion for tastes associated with:

novel stimuli

electric shock

sickness

extinguished associations

sweetness

69. Taking a painkiller to relieve the pain from a backache is behavior learned through which of the following processes?

punishment

shaping

modeling

positive reinforcement

negative reinforcement

70. Students in Mrs. Evan's first grade class are given tokens for positive behavior. At the end of the school week, students are able to put the tokens in vending machines to get prizes. The tokens act as:

primary reinforcers

classical conditioners

secondary reinforcers

unconditioned reinforcers

negative reinforcers

71. While folding laundry, you suddenly arrive at the answer to a physics problem you'd been trying to solve for several hours. This is an example of:

insight

latent learning

stimulus generalization

backward conditioning

discrimination

72. When studying for her Chinese exam, Sidney found that when a list of words is learned in order, the words most likely to be forgotten are those that are:

at the beginning of the list

in the middle of the list

hardest to pronounce

easiest to pronounce

at the end of the list

73. Katherine, who is 78, still has the ability to remember the day she first swam in the ocean. This is clearly and example of which of the following types of memory?

flashbulb

semantic

procedural

episodic

implicit

74. After getting into a horrible biking accident, Chandra can no longer remember any details of what happened right before the accident. This is an example of:

mood-congruent memory

anterograde amnesia

retrograde amnesia

interference

dementia

75. During a debate for Senate, both the Republican and Democratic candidates argued the findings of a recent opinion poll supported their platform in regards to taxes. Because both Senate candidates viewed the information as only supporting their personal belief, they were both guilty of:

belief bias

ingroup bias

confirmation bias

functional fixedness

prejudice

76. After a hard day at school, Angie was in a bad mood and could not think of anything positive in her life. This is an example of:

memory construction

encoding failure

interference

repression

mood congruent memory

77. Mr. Duggar, a senior citizen, can easily recall the first car he purchased, but cannot remember the name of the current Secretary of State. Mr. Duggar's _________ memory is far better than his ___________ memory.

semantic; episodic

explicit; implicit

implicit; explicit

implicit; semantic

episodic; semantic

78. Margo spends hours in her art studio painting and sculpting, even though she sells few pieces. Which of the following explains Margo's productivity?

drive-reduction theory

extrinsic motivation

intrinsic motivation

emotional intelligence

insight

79. The ________ theory used to describe motivation suggests a connection between internal physical states and outward behavior.

motives

motivation-reduction

drive-reduction

need-reduction

incentive-drive

80. Which of the following behaviors would NOT be an example of drive-reduction?

getting something to drink when you are thirsty after running

getting something to eat when you are hungry in the morning

dancing when you hear music on the radio because you are bored

going to sleep when you are exhausted

smoking a cigarette to reduce nicotine withdrawal symptoms

81. Alyssa eats sparingly and with anguish and disgust, although she has an intense interest in food. Alyssa fears of becoming obese, and even though she looks emaciated, she still claims she "feels fat" and refuses to eat enough to maintain even a minimal normal body weight for her frame. Alyssa is most likely suffering from ________.

obesity phobia

set-point nervosa

anorexia nervosa

repression

bulimia nervosa

82. In Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic view, the role of the ego is to:

serve the demands of the id

serve the demands of the superego

allow the individual to act in any way they seem fit

mediate between the id, superego, and reality

suppress all demands of the id

83. A personality assessment in which a person is asked to make up a story based on a picture presented by a researcher is an example of a:

personality inventory

aptitude test

achievement test

projective test

trait test

84. Freud would describe a person who is stuck in an earlier stage of development as having:

fixation

repression

sublimation

displacement

denial

85. Mother Theresa was a selfless person who devoted her life to the wellbeing of others. According to Gordon Allport's trait theory, Mother Theresa's devotion and selflessness was:

inherited

a surface trait not visible to others

a cardinal trait

a common trait shared among cultures

an archetype

86. If a researcher wanted to test the same subjects at the ages of two, four, six, and eight, which of the following research methods would they use?

cross-sectional

cross-cultural

correlational

longitudinal

naturalistic observation

87. Peter is a 10-year-old boy who has a mental age of 9 years. His IQ would be ________.

90

100

125

130

140

88. According to Sternberg, _______________ intelligence is described as "street smarts," or the ability to use information to get along in life. People who have it know how to be tactful and use inside information to increase their odds of success.

creative

general

practical

analytical

all of the above

89. Charles Spearman believed that intelligence is composed of ____________.

verbal and mathematical abilities

crystallized and motor abilities

general intelligence and specific abilities

creative, analytical, and practical intelligence

crystallized and fluid intelligences

90. What three types of intelligence constitute Sternberg's Triarchic theory of intelligence?

global, intuitive, and special

general, reasoning, and specific

reasoning, mathematical, and verbal

general, analytical, and reasoning

analytical, creative, and practical

91. The general adaptation syndrome proposed by Hans Selye is an attempt to explain:

intelligence

birth disorders

reactions to stress

personality traits

survival of a species

92. After witnessing an accident that killed her best friend, Shante reports she is blind. Although she bumps into objects at home and elsewhere, specialists have found nothing wrong with the structure or function of her eyes or evidence of brain damage. Shante should be evaluated for ________.

bipolar disorder

dissociative identity disorder

conversion disorder

hypochondriasis

panic disorder

93. When Alexis walks into his psychiatrist's office, he is restless and irritable with unlimited energy and a rapid rate of speech. What disorder might the psychiatrist consider as a condition that is relevant to Alexis' behavior?

catatonic schizophrenia

conversion disorder

bipolar disorder

depression

dissociative fugue

94. Which of the following consists of negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

withdrawal and flat affect

imagination and delusions

delusions and hallucinations

imagination and flat effect

abolition and hallucinations

95. Each day, while Jack is sitting at his desk at work or in public places, he continually thinks about germs. Each time this occurs, Jack washes his hands repeatedly. Jack probably suffers from ________.

obsessive-compulsive disorder

panic disorder

generalized anxiety disorder

agoraphobia

phobias

96. Any pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress, is atypical, causes harm to others and the person, and inhibits their ability to function in daily life is called ________.

childish behavior

stress

a psychological disorder

unexplainable behavior

adaptive behavior

97. In rational-emotive therapy, the therapist helps the client by:

promoting transference

using unconditional positive regard

providing a nurturing environment in which new behaviors can be learned

confronting the client with their faulty logic and way of thinking

hypnotizing the client to discover unconscious conflicts

98. According to the research on attraction, individuals are most likely to be attracted to others who are:

less physically attractive than they are

more physically attractive than they are

complete strangers

similar to themselves

total opposites from themselves

99. Mr. Yuman overheard another professor describing one of his students as lazy and unmotivated. Though Mr. Yuman had not previously noted this tendency, he began to see exactly what the other professor had noted. This is an example of:

deindividuation

social loafing

representative heuristic

attribution theory

self-fulfilling prophecy

100. When asked what they would do if they could be totally invisible and there would be no recrimination, most people answered they would commit an antisocial act. Which of the following social phenomena might best be able to explain this response?

group polarization

social loafing

deindividuation

self-fullfilling prophecy

groupthink