Reference no: EM131251976
1. The "best case scenario" in the prisoner's dilemma - the most favorable outcome for all parties involved - is produced through cooperation and trust.
a. True
b. False
2. Which of the following refers to a form of human motivation whereby our decisions and actions are motivated primarily (if not exclusively) by our own interests?
a. Egoism
b. Psychological determinism
c. Altruism
d. Ethnocentrism
3. Psychological egoism is a prescriptive argument, whereas ethical egoism is descriptive.
a. True
b. False
4. Which of the following hypothetical attitudes most closely resembles the notion that life is a "zero-sum game"?
a. "Everyone is created equal"
b. "You can only win if someone else loses"
c. "We all die in the end, so why be good?"
d. "Live and let live"
5. Altruistic acts are those:
a. intended to serve our own interests.
b. undertaken solely for the benefit of others.
c. that punish cheaters.
d. that strengthen social norms.
6. To willingly accept some cost to ourselves in order to ensure that those who violate laws and social norms suffer consequences for their behavior is referred to as:
a. altruistic punishment.
b. common punishment.
c. indirect reciprocity.
d. inclusive fitness.
7. Ethical egoism argues that our motivation for moral behavior should be our own rationally derived interests.
a. True
b. False
8. If the similarity-leniency hypothesis were true, which of the following would also (likely) be true?
a. White jurors would be more likely to favor minority defendants
b. White jurors would be harsher when a case involves a white victim and non-white perpetrator
c. Minority jurors would be harsher on minority defendants
d. All of the choices apply
9. Based on Axelrod's " !@#$%^&* for tat" simulation, the decision-making approach which best serves our own long-term interests is to exploit the kindness of others.
a. True
b. False
10. Which of the following, based in research indicating gender differences in responses to moral dilemmas, suggests that we reserve a greater role for compassion, interpersonal relationships, and concern for and responsiveness to the welfare of others in our moral reasoning?
a. Hedonism
b. The difference principle
c. Care ethics
d. Moral psychology
11. A non-zero-sum game might be described as one with the possibility of a "win-win" outcome, rather than a "win-lose" outcome.
a. True
b. False
12. If we claim that a professor giving everyone in the class an "A" on the next exam is not an act of kindness or generosity but is best regarded as that professor taking delight in demonstrating his own power, we are offering an egoistic explanation.
a. True
b. False
13. The notion of moral development implies that some beliefs, values, and ways-of-thinking about moral issues reflect a more advanced and desirable form of ethical judgment.
a. True
b. False
14. Which of the following terms refers to the process of making an effort to understand how each person involved in a situation perceives it and, further, imagining how each person would feel if placed in the others' position?
a. Universal cognition
b. Instrumental exchange
c. Golden Rule role taking
d. Care
15. Natural law theorists might argue that a law is unjust if it has which of the following characteristics?
a. It is discriminatory
b. It is unjustly applied
c. It is degrading to humans
d. Any or All of the choices apply
16. Reasoning such as, "killing is wrong because it is against the law" or "abortion is wrong because the Bible says so" is characteristic of the law-and-order orientation and stage of moral development.
a. True
b. False
17. Psychological and ethical egoism are explanations of human behavior that emphasize the role of __________________ in decision-making.
a. Mutual respect
b. Self-interest
c. Religious values
d. Socialization
18. When we embody a "wholeness" or, in Plato's words, "inner balance" in our personal and professional lives which comes from choosing and acting with consistency and in light of a conception of justice and the good life, we could be said to live and work with:
a. honor.
b. integrity.
c. intuition.
d. egoism.
19. Carol Gilligan's work utilizing the "Heinz Dilemma" revealed that males tend to resolve moral dilemmas using impartial principles, while females tend to focus on finding alternative solutions that take into account the needs of all people involved.
a. True
b. False
20. Racial and ethnic minorities now represent the majority of the prison population in the United States.
a. True
b. False