Reference no: EM132237964

Assignment

1. Please explain what is the morbidity and what is mortality?

2. Please explain what primary prevention, second prevention, and tertiary mean?

The following statistics were collected in Epi County; (1) total population of 70,000; (2)   50,000 White, 10,000 Black, 10,000 Hispanic; (3) new influenza cases in 2009: 12,000 (whites), 1,900 (blacks), 2,000 (Hispanics). Assume all population is at risk of influenza and the population size remains constant.

	Population 2009	New Influenza Cases 2009
White	50,000	12,000
Black	10,000	1,900
Hispanic	10,000	2,000
Total	70,000

a. What is the RATIO of Whites in Epi County relative to Blacks?

b. What is the PROPORTION of people in Epi County who are Hispanics?

c. What is the CUMULATIVE INCIDENCE rate (per 1,000) of influenza among whites and blacks separately?

The three largest cities in New Zealand are Auckland, Wellington, and Christchurch. Assume that these are the only three cities in New Zealand. According to a population-wide survey in each of the three cities, there were the following existing cases of prostate cancer at the beginning of 2012: Auckland (330) Wellington (270) and Christchurch (250).

City	Prostate Cancer Cases (12:00 AM, Jan 1, 2012)
Auckland	330
Wellington	270
Christchurch	250

Now assume that the population in Auckland is 400,000, in Wellington is 370,000, and in Christchurch is 340,000 and the relative proportions of men are 49% in Auckland, 51% in Wellington, and 50% Christchurch. Assuming the disease is incurable, the population in each of the three cities doesn't change, and these are the only three cities in New Zealand.

City	Total population (2012)	% Male	Male Population(2012)
Auckland	400,000	49	196,000
Wellington	370,000	51	188,700
Christchurch	340,000	50	170,000

During 2012, 60 of the prostate cancer cases in Auckland die, as well as 70 in Wellington and 50 in Christchurch. In addition, 90 new cases are diagnosed in Auckland, 80 in Wellington and 100 in Christchurch.

City	Deaths from Prostate Cancer as of Dec 31, 2012	New Cases of Prostate cancer diagnosed between Jan 1, 2012 and Dec 31, 2012
Auckland	60	90
Wellington	70	80
Christchurch	50	100

a. What proportion of the men in Auckland who had prostate cancer at the start of 2012 died during 2012?

2). Determine the ratio of men that died of the disease relative to those that were ill but alive at the end of 2012 for Wellington.

3). What was the prostate cancer case-fatality rate (percent) among all men with prostate cancer in New Zealand by the end of 2012? Consider all prevalent and incident cases combined.

Assume the disease is incurable and the population in each of the three cities doesn't change (other than the deaths from the table above), and that these are the only three cities in New Zealand. HINT: Remember only men can get prostate cancer, women should not be included in incidence and prevalence statistics.

4). What was the point prevalence of prostate cancer (per 1,000) at the beginning of 2012 in New Zealand?

5). What was the cumulative incidence (per 100,000) of prostate cancer in Christchurch during 2012?

6).  What was the point prevalence of prostate cancer (per 100,000) at the end of 2012 in Auckland?

Assume a population of 310 million people in the United States (US), 45 million of whom are 65 under. Assume mortality rates in Lexington, Louisville, and Bowling Green for those under 65 years old of 80 per 100,000, 85 per 100,000, and 95 per 100,000. Assume mortality rates for those over 65 in Lexington, Louisville, and Bowling Green of 1700 per 100,000, 1575 per 100,000, and 1450 per 100,000. Use direct age adjustment with the US as the standard. Show your work.

	US Population in millions	Mortality Rate in Lexington (per 100,000)	Morality Rate in Louisville (per 100,000)	Mortality Rate in Bowling Green (per 100,000)
65 Under	45	80	85	95
65 and older	265	1700	1575	1450
Total	310

a. Which city has the highest age-specific mortality rate for those 65 and older?

b. Using direct age adjustment, calculate the "expected" deaths using Lexington rates.

c. Using direct age adjustment, calculate the "expected" deaths using Louisville rates.

d. Using direct age adjustment, calculate the "expected" deaths using bowling green rates.

e. What is the age-adjusted mortality rate for Lexington? (per 100,000)

f. What is the age-adjusted mortality rate for Louisville? (per 100,000)

g. What is the age-adjusted mortality rate for bowling green? (per 100,000)

h. Which city has the LOWEST age-adjusted mortality rate?