Reference no: EM134049022

Assignment:

AP Human Geography - Study Guide

Industrial and Economic Development Patterns and Processes

Topic 1: The Industrial Revolution

• Define industrialization and explain how it differs from preindustrial production.
• Explain how the Second Agricultural Revolution enabled industrialization.
• Describe how mechanization changed production and labor systems.
• Explain why Great Britain was the origin of the Industrial Revolution.
• Describe how natural resources and geography influenced early industrial development.
• Explain how the factory system changed the organization of work.
• Describe how urbanization resulted from industrialization.
• Explain how labor specialization increased efficiency but affected workers.
• Describe how industrialization changed social class structures.
• Explain how transportation improvements influenced industrial location.
• Explain Weber's Least Cost Theory.
• Describe the difference between bulk-reducing and bulk-gaining industries.
• Explain how agglomeration influences industrial location.
• Describe the role of break-of-bulk points in global trade.
• Explain how industrialization contributed to colonialism and imperialism.

Topic 2: Economic Sectors and Patterns

• Define the primary, secondary, and tertiary economic sectors.
• Explain how the quaternary and quinary sectors differ from the tertiary sector.
• Describe how economic activities shift as countries develop.
• Explain the concept of value added in production.
• Describe how productivity influences economic development.
• Explain the difference between the formal and informal economy.
• Describe how export-oriented economies function.
• Explain the goal of import substitution industrialization (ISI).
• Describe how economic sectors vary between developed and developing countries.
• Explain how structural economic change affects employment patterns.

Topic 3: Measures of Development

• Define development and explain how it is measured.
• Explain how GDP per capita is used to measure development.
• Describe how GNI per capita differs from GDP per capita.
• Explain the purpose of purchasing power parity (PPP).
• Describe what the Human Development Index (HDI) measures.
• Explain how literacy rate reflects development.
• Describe how life expectancy indicates quality of life.
• Explain how infant mortality rate reflects healthcare access.
• Describe the significance of the dependency ratio.
• Explain the difference between standard of living and quality of life.
• Explain one limitation of using economic data alone to measure development.

Topic 4: Women and Economic Development

• Explain how gender inequality affects economic development.
• Describe how female education impacts fertility rates.
• Explain how increasing female labor force participation affects economies.
• Describe how microloans improve economic opportunities.
• Explain the concept of the feminization of poverty.
• Describe how access to healthcare affects women's economic roles.
• Explain how reproductive rights influence population growth.
• Describe one barrier women face in the workforce.
• Explain how the gender wage gap reflects inequality.
• Describe how empowering women improves development outcomes.

Topic 5: Theories of Development

• Describe Rostow's Stages of Economic Growth.
• Explain the characteristics of the "takeoff" stage.
• Describe one limitation of Rostow's model.
• Explain the main idea of dependency theory.
• Describe how neo-colonialism affects development.
• Explain World Systems Theory.
• Describe the roles of core, semi-periphery, and periphery countries.
• Explain how development theories explain global inequality.
• Describe one criticism of dependency theory.
• Explain how foreign direct investment (FDI) influences development.

Topic 6: Trade and the World Economy

• Define globalization and explain its economic impact.
• Explain the concept of comparative advantage.
• Describe the difference between comparative and absolute advantage.
• Explain how outsourcing affects labor markets.
• Describe how transnational corporations influence global trade.
• Explain how foreign direct investment shapes economies.
• Describe the purpose of special economic zones (SEZs).
• Explain how free trade agreements affect global markets.
• Describe how supply chains connect global production.
• Explain how trade imbalances affect countries.

Topic 8: Sustainable Development

• Define sustainable development.
• Explain the difference between renewable and nonrenewable resources.
• Describe how resource depletion affects development.
• Explain the concept of carrying capacity.
• Describe how ecological footprints measure environmental impact.
• Explain how greenhouse gases contribute to climate change.
• Describe one environmental impact of fossil fuel use.
• Explain how alternative energy supports sustainability.
• Describe how sustainable agriculture protects resources.
• Explain one challenge of achieving sustainability.