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Solar or photovoltaic (PV) cells convert sunlight to electricity and are commonly used to power calculators, satellites, remote communication systems, and even pumps. The conversion of light to electricity is called the photoelectric effect. It was first discovered in 1839 by Frenchman Edmond Becquerel, and the first PV module, which consisted of several cells connected to each other, was built in 1954 by Bell Laboratories. The PV modules today have conversion efficiencies of about 12 to 15 percent. Noting that the solar energy incident on a normal surface on earth at noontime is about 1000 W/m2 during a clear day, PV modules on a 1-m2 surface can provide as much as 150 W of electricity. The annual average daily solar energy incident on a horizontal surface in the United States ranges from about 2 to 6 kWh/m2. A PV-powered pump is to be used in Arizona to pump water for wildlife from a depth of 180 m at an average rate of 400 L/day. Assuming a reasonable efficiency for the pumping system, which can be defined as the ratio of the increase in the potential energy of the water to the electrical energy consumed by the pump, and taking the conversion efficiency of the PV cells to be 0.13 to be on the conservative side, determine the size of the PV module that needs to be installed, in m2.
Use the Muskingum method to route a flood through a reach a river. The base flow is 100 cfs, and the incoming flood flow increases 50 cfs every 2 hr over a 6 hr period and the subsides at the same rate.
A smart, anti armour weappon is launched of an aircraft flying at 250 knots (422 FT/s) straight and level at an altitude of 300FT above the ground, the weapon is released from the aircraft with an initial downward velocity of 15FT/s.
Determine the uniform flow depth in a rectangular channel 2.5 m wide with a discharge of 3 m3/s. The slope is 0.0004 and Manning's roughness coefficient is 0.015
Input parameters for the function should be the lower and upper bounds of the root. Obtain reasonable values for the lower and upper bounds by graphing the function in Excel. Turn in your code for the VBA function.
A typical propane tank that we use for barbeque initially contains a pressure of 10 psi. The pressure is low, so we take it to the local store to fill the tank with more propane. After filling,the pressure is 100 psi.
how large a sample must we take in order to be a) 95% b) 90% c) 99 d) 99.73% confident that the error in the estimated mean lifetime will not exceed 20 hours.
A concrete sewer pipe 1m in diameter is laid so it has a drop in elevation of 30cm per 300m of length. If sewage (assume the properties are the same as those of water) flows at a depth of 50cm in the pipe, what will be the discharge?
An ideal gas at a given state expands to a fixed final volume first at constant pressure and then at constant temperature. For which case is the work done greater?
Explain construction project and construction Project stages in details?
A car weighing 4000 pounds strikes the stopping barrier depicted below head on at a speed of 70 mph. The stopping force in the barrier is a function of how far the car penetrates into the barrier.
Two solid rods AB and BC are welded together at B and loaded as shown. Knowing that d1=50mm and d2=30mm, find average normal stress at the midsection of rod AB and rod BC.
Congress banned the production of the speedy dry cleaning company's dry cleaning fluid in 2000. Speedy is using a new cleaning fluid. The new dry cleaning fluid has one-sixth the volatility of the former dry cleaning fluid.
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