Reference no: EM133314037

Assignment:

Part 1

1. Control theories seek to explain ____________________

a. Why people commit crime

b. Why don't people commit crimec

c. Where the motivation for crime derives

d. Why individuals specialize in delinquency

2. __________________ is the emotional and affective element of Hirschi's social bond and is  the most important in determining whether someone becomes delinquent

a. Attachment

b. Commitment

c. Involvement

d. Belief

3. ___________________ is the moral element of Hirschi's social bond theory

a. Attachment

b. Commitment

c. Belief

d. Involvement

4. According to Hirschi (1969), why do individuals commit criminal acts?

a. Because they are not bonded to society and are therefore free to act selfishly

b. Because they are strained and pushed into crime

c. Because of violent video games

d. I do know, I did not study for this exam

5. According to Gottfredson and Hirschi, ______________ are acts or events that take place in specific points and time, and _______________ is differences in one's propensity to commit crime

a. Delinquency; involvement

b. Initiation; continuation

c. Crime; criminality

d. Social structure; anomie

6. ___________________ is the inability to consider long-term consequences of your actions or delay immediate gratification

a. Zoology

b. Social

c. Differential association

d. Self-control

7. How can parents instill self-control into their children?

a. Monitor their behavior

b. Recognize deviant behavior when it occurs

c. Punished deviant behavior

d. All of the above

8. Behaviors such as binge-drinking, accidents and promiscuity are not "criminal", but share similar qualities to criminal behaviors. They are known as:

a. Analogous behaviors

b. Anomic behaviors

c. Anatomical behaviors

d. Anxious behaviors

9. According to Gottfredson and Hirschi, the "tendency to consider the full range of potential costs of a particular act" is the revised definition of:

a. Self-control

b. Rational choice

c. Learning

d. Routine activity

10. According to labeling theorists, what is the "irony of social reaction"?

a. Most deviance is caused by the middle-class

b. By trying to punish crime we may be actually increasing its occurrence

c. The costs of prisons are greater than the benefits

d. I thought Freddy Spaghetti O.D'ed

11. The idea that we see ourselves through the lens of how we think others see us is known as ___________________.

a. Definitions favorable to crime

b. Social reaction

c. Looking glass self

d. Legitimacy

12. ___________________ occurs when something becomes true simply because we expect it will become true.

a. Self-fulfilling prophecy

b. Social reaction

c. Looking glass self

d. Malign neglect

13. The primary, central identity of an individual that binds them to all other identities is known as one's _____________________

a. Initial status

b. Secondary status

c. Primary status

d. Master status

14. The process of reexamining past events and behaviors and reinterpret them to fit the new label of a person is known as _____________________.

a. Retrospective interpretation

b. Backward thinking

c. Poor policing practices

d. Temporal bias analysis

15. In labeling theory, changes in self-identity are the __________________ consequences of a label, while changes in social opportunities (e.g. employment) are the __________________ consequences of a label.

a. General; specific

b. Specific; general

c. Indirect; direct

d. Direct; indirect

16. What is meant by the "dramatization of evil"?

a. The transmission of violent values from older to younger adolescents

b. Police treating certain groups unfairly

c. Social overreactions to minor and harmless acts of deviance

d. The 'drama' of reality shows.

17. The central premise of restorative justice and defiance theory is that:

a. All sanctions reduce criminal behavior

b. Only fair sanctions reduce criminal behavior

c. Unfair sanctions increase criminal behavior

d. Both B and C

18. Which of the following is one of the outcomes of sanctions, according to Sherman's Defiance theory?

a. Deterrence

b. Defiance

c. Irrelevance

d. All of the above

19. Most theories of crime focus exclusively on what age group?

a. Young children (< 10 years old)

b. Adolescence

c. Adulthood

d. The Elderly

20. Research indicates that most offenders:

a. Never commit crime

b. Desist from crime

c. Are stable in their crime throughout their entire lives

d. I'm confused yo!

21. The ________________ explanation of offending stability argues that continuity in offending is due to some trait, such as low self-control

a. Social selection

b. Cumulative continuity

c. Billboards for Designer Jeans

d. Adolescence-limited

22. The ________________ explanation of offending stability argues that individuals display continuity on offending because of the consequences of neuropsychological deficits and those that arise from prior criminal behavior (e.g. loss of employment).

a. Social selection

b. Cumulative continuity

c. Ron Swanson

d. Jumpers

23. According to Wolfgang chronic offenders who commit crime at a high frequency over a long period of time are known as _________________.

a. Persistent deviators

b. Criminal careers

c. Selfish companions

d. Career criminals

24. The longitudinal sequence of crimes committed by individuals is known as a ____________.

a. Criminal career

b. Offending repertoire

c. Offending versatility

d. Criminal organization

25. According to Sampson and Laub, why is the age-crime curve used by Gottfredson and Hirschi misleading?

a. The data is an aggregated average and not individual trajectories

b. The curve is based on official offending records

c. The data used are almost always cross-sectional

d. All of the above

26. What do Gottfredson and Hirschi mean when they say that crime is "relatively stable" across the life-course?

a. Individuals tend to commit similar amounts of crime as their relatives

b. Crime is clustered in geographic areas

c. Individuals high in criminal propensity always commit more crime than those low in criminal propensity

d. Crime is easy to predict

27. The age-graded theory of informal social control can be thought of as an extension of what theory?

a. Agnew's general strain theory

b. Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime

c. Hirschi's social bond theory

d. Akers' social learning theory

28. What do Sampson and Laub mean when they say that the causes of crime are "age-graded"?

a. The factors that influence crime are different at different stages of the life-course

b. Crime is passed on genetically

c. Age is unimportant for understanding crime

d. Propensity to commit crime is evenly distributed

29. A pathway or line of development over the life-course is known as a _________________.

a. Transition

b. Turning point

c. Trajectories

d. Events

30. Transitions such as marriage and employment that lead to long-term changes in an individual's offending trajectory are known as _________________.

a. Transition

b. Turning point

c. Trajectories

d. Events

31. According to Sampson and Laub, why do things such as marriage and employment reduce crime?

a. They reduce strains associated with criminal behavior

b. They increase informal social control (bind individuals to society)

c. They provide prosocial models to imitate behavior

d. None of the above

32. The idea that there is no conscious decision to stop offending is known as:

a. Conformity by chance

b. Unintentional desistance

c. Unplanned change

d. Desistance by default

33. A ________________ theory is one in which individuals are split into two or more categories with different explanations of offending.

a. Taxonomic

b. Reductionist

c. Cumulative

d. Developmental

34. For ____________________ offenders, antisocial behavior is temporary and inconsistent, while for ____________________ offenders, antisocial behavior permanent and stable.

a. Adolescence-limited; life-course persistent

b. Life-course persistent; adolescence-limited

c. Cumulative continuity; social selection

d. Social selection; trait-based

35. According to Moffitt, what provides the motivation for adolescence-limited antisocial behavior?

a. Weakened social controls

b. The maturity gap

c. Coping abilities

d. Neuropsychological deficits

36. Moffitt argues that adolescence-limited offenders learn antisocial behavior through mimicry. Who do they mimic?

a. Old people

b. Their parents

c. Life-course persistent offenders

d. Other adolescence-limited offenders

37. Not all adolescence-limited offenders desist from antisocial behavior. Why not?

a. They suffer from neuropsychological deficits

b. They become ensnared in a life of crime

c. They encounter snares

d. Both B and C

38. According to Moffitt, what is the cause of life-course persistent offending?

a. Coping abilities

b. The maturity gap

c. Neuropsychological deficits / cumulative continuity

d. Weakened social bonds

39. According to Moffitt, what is one reason that abstainers commit no crime in adolescence?

a. They are social isolates

b. They have no neuropsychological deficits

c. They never join gangs

d. They know Leslie Knope

40. According to Sampson and Laub, which of the following are change agents during the life course, with respect to crime

a. New relationships

b. Marriage

c. Employment

d. All of the above

PART 2 SHORT ANSWERS

1. Define primary and secondary deviance. According to labeling theorists, which is more important to study and why?

2. List the four elements of the social bond as described by Hirschi (1969)

3. List three characteristics of low self-control according to Gottfredson and Hirschi

4. Briefly describe what the existence of both continuity and change over the life-course means.

5. According to Terrie Moffitt, what are the two types (taxos) of offenders and what are the causes of offending for both groups

6- Create Twitter hashtag representing CJC 303 - Theoretical Criminology.