Briefly explain why or why not based on the change

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Question 1: Suppose that one reaction has ΔG of - 3.2 kcal/mol. Another reaction has ΔG of 7.3 kcal/mol. Can these two reactions be coupled so the energy released by one reaction is used to drive the other? Briefly explain why or why not based on the change in Gibbs free energy of the reactions.

Question 2: DNA replication in cells, during PCR, and during DNA sequencing results in different products. One process makes many fragments of different lengths from the DNA, another makes many copies of the same length of a single section of DNA, and another makes a single copy of all of the DNA. Which process results in which product?

Question 3: A chemical can cause weight loss but is outlawed for sale because the effective dose for weight loss is very close to the fatal dose, and the drug has resulted in the deaths of several people. The drug is found to make the inner mitochondrial membrane permeable to hydrogen ions. Why would increasing the permeability of the membrane to hydrogen ions cause a person to break down stored fat and result in weight loss?

Question 4: The COVID-19 vaccines produced by Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna are mRNA vaccines. The mRNA contains only the information needed to build the spike protein of the coronavirus (the coronavirus is officially named SARS-CoV-2). It does not contain any of the rest of the viral genome. The spike protein is a protein found on the outside of the coronavirus. The vaccine gives human cells the information needed to build the spike protein so the immune system can be exposed to the protein without being exposed to the virus itself. This allows the immune system to learn to identify the spike protein and destroy the actual virus when it is encountered.

After using the cell to make copies of itself, the new viruses exit cells by entering the Golgi apparatus, where the viral envelope is fully assembled. The viruses are then packaged into vesicles that are transported to the cell membrane, where the viruses exit the cell. What is the normal function of this pathway that the virus is taking advantage of?

Reference no: EM133208935

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