Introduction to Zoology

Zoology is the branch of biology which focuses on the behavior, structure, function, and evolution of the animals.

History

The disciplinary study of zoology also found root in Arabia and China. Afro-Arab scholar Al-Jahiz (781-868) wrote the Book of Animals, an ancestor to The Origin of Species. The two renouned Chinese authors in this field were Su Song (1020-1101) and Shen Kuo(1031-1095) of the Song Dynasty time period, yet there were several others.

Scientific zoology really begin in the 16th century with awakening of the new spirit of the observation and exploration, but for a long time a separate course uninfluenced by the growth of the medical studies of the anatomy and physiology.

It was not until the 19th century that microscope was improved accomplished for zoology what some consider to be its most important service. The advancement of the microscope led to an improved comprehension of cell structure and the establishment of the Cell Theory:

1. That all organisms are either single cells or built of many cells;
2. That all organisms begin their existence as a single cell, which when multiplies by binary fission, products grooming in size and multiplying similarly by binary fission; and
3. That the life of a multicellular organism is the sum of the activities of the cells of which it comprises, and that the processes of life must be studied in and their explanation obtained from an understanding of the chemical and physical changes which go on in each individual cell of living material or protoplasm.

Systems of Classification

Morphography is the systematic tabulation, exploration, and characterization of the data concerning animals, existing or extinct. It is almost like to ethnography. The groups of people who have significantly contributed to the field include past museum-makers of and their modern descendants, the curators and the annotators of zoological collections, ancient explorers and the modern naturalist travelers and writer's collectors of fossils and paleontologists.

Subfields of Zoology

Although the study of animal life is very old, its scientific incarnation is in comparison modern. This shows the transition from natural history to the biology in the beginning of the nineteenth century.

As Hunter and Cuvier, comparative anatomical study has been associated with morphography shapins the modern areas of zoological investigation: histology, anatomy, physiology, embryology, and the behavior of animal. Modern zoology first arose in German and British universities. In London, Thomas Henry Huxley was a well known figure. The ideas were centered on morphology of the animals. Some consider him the greatest comparative anatomist of the latter half of the nineteenth century. Alike Hunter, his courses were composed of lectures and laboratory practical classes in contrast the previous format of lectures only. This system became largely spread.

With the time zoology expanded beyond Huxley's comparative anatomy to include the following sub-disciplines:

1. Zoography, also known as descriptive zoology, describes animals and their habitats.
2. Animal physiology
3. Behavioral ecology 
4. Molecular Biology studies the common genetic and developmental mechanisms of animals and plants
5. Ethology is the study of animal behavior.
6. Systematics, phylogenetics, phylogeography, cladistics, biogeography and taxonomy classify and group species via common descent and regional associations.
7. Evolutionary biology: See of both animals and plants is considered in the articles on heredity, population genetics, variation, Mendelism, evolution, reproduction.
8. Comparative anatomy studies the structure of animals.
9. Palaeontology

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