Aldehydes and Ketones

Introduction

         Carbonyl compounds are of two kinds, ketones and aldehydes. Both have a carbon-oxygen double bond often called as carbonyl group.

         Both ketones and aldehydes possess the similar general formula C_nH_2nO.

         Structure : Carbonyl carbon atom is joined to three atoms by sigma bonds. Since these bonds uses sp² -orbitals, they found in the similar plane and are 120° apart. The carbon-oxygen double bond is different than carbon-carbon double bond. Since, oxygen is highly electronegative, the electrons of the covalent bond are attracted towards oxygen. Consequently, oxygen retains a partial negative charge and carbon a partial positive charge making the bond polar. The largest value of dipole moment,          

         It is defined that carbonyl set is a resonance hybrid of the following two structures.

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