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User error: This contains errors in the program (e.g., Logical errors) with errors made by online users of database. These types of errors can be avoided by applying some check situations in programs or by limiting the access rights of online users' example, read only. So only updating or insertion operation needs appropriate check routines that perform appropriate checks on the data being modified or entered. In case of an error, some prompts can be passed to user to enable him/her to accurate that error.
what is lossless & dependency preserving decomposition ?
What is the use of integrity constraints? Integrity constraints make sure that changes made to the database by authorized users do not result in a loss of data consistency. The
What are the advantages and disadvantages of merging an association into a class? Advantages: i) Less number of tables ii) Faster performance due to the fewer tables
Explain the Static or conservative Two Phase Locking: Static (or conservative) Two Phase Locking: In this type of scheme, all the data items are locked earlier than any opera
What is multiplicity in the associations? Give an example to explain multiplicity? Multiplicity in association indicate number of objects participate in any relationship. For
Example : Search the name, department number and salary of employees drawing minimum salary in that department. SELECT ENAME, SAL, DEPTNO FROM EMP WHERE SAL IN (SELECT MI
What are the three classes of SQL expression? SQL expression consists of three clauses: Select From Where
What is an Index? An index is a small table having only two columns. The first column has a copy of the primary or candidate key of a table and the second column having a set o
The PROJECT operation The project operation is used to choose the records with specified attributes as discarding the others based on some related criteria. This is denotes as ∏
Fourth Normal Form (4NF) When attributes in a relation have multi-valued dependency, further Normalization to 4NF and 5NF are needed. Let us first find out what multi-valued d
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