The circular flow of income in an open economy, Macroeconomics

Assignment Help:

 

The circular flow of income in an open economy 

An open economy is one in which international trade exists. Assume also that there is government spending and taxation.

Thus households need not consume all of their income. Some may be saved (S), spent on imports (M), or taxed (T). So the savings (S) and imports (M) and taxes imposed (T) are known as "withdrawals" (W) or "leakages" from the actual flow. An increase in withdrawals (W) will reduce the level of output and income (Y).

However, Y will be added to investment (I), government spending (G) and money spent by foreigners on exports (X). These are known as "injections" (J).In an open economy the size of Y is determined by the size of AD, which is determined by C + I + G + X. 

 

 

1979_The circular flow of income in an open economy.png

 

 

 

 

 

Over a period of time there are withdrawals (W) from the income flow. If individuals save, then the income is taken out of the circular flow. If an economy's income is Rs.1,000 and it saves Rs.200, then only Rs.800 is passed on as expenditure. Other withdrawals are taxes and imports. The latter represent a loss of income from the domestic economy to some overseas economy.

Alongside withdrawals there are also injections (J) into the flow of income. These are in the form of investment, government spending and exports, savings withdrawn and used to finance investment, either directly through the purchase of capital goods or indirectly via financial institutions such as banks. Thus, the original withdrawal or savings ends up as an injection elsewhere in the system. Taxes end up as government spending on goods and services. Exports are financed from spending made by other countries. This spending enters into the circular flow as an injection of income.

In this economy

                 Y = AD

Therefore, Y = C + I + G + X

              Y= C + J

Where J equals injections i.e. I, G and X.

For equilibrium we require all withdrawals to equal all injections i.e. W = J. If injections are greater than withdrawals then the level of national income (i.e. total incomes) will rise, and vice versa. 

 


Related Discussions:- The circular flow of income in an open economy

Calculate variable unit costs and total annual costs, How do you calculate ...

How do you calculate variable unit costs and total annual costs? Ans) Annual units sold, 1000. Raw materials yearly cost 650. Building rent yearly cost 9000. If sales volume enh

Ppf model, using the ppf model explain the principles of economics of alloc...

using the ppf model explain the principles of economics of allocative efficiency

Economists use for a goods, Your local newspaper reports the following: the...

Your local newspaper reports the following: the owners of the New Orleans Sandwich Shop in Seattle, Washington, found that when they priced their hot dogs (reportedly the rolls-roy

Unemployment, Why do we still have problem of "unemployment" ? How could we...

Why do we still have problem of "unemployment" ? How could we solve the problem? Which one is better fixed or flexible exchange rate of unemployment ?

Lilie, What are the requirements for something to be considered money? Why ...

What are the requirements for something to be considered money? Why does the dollar have value?

Price of new equilibrium, Explain the adjustment to the new equilibrium pri...

Explain the adjustment to the new equilibrium price from an increase in demand.

Augmented dicky-fuller test, The hypotheses are: The null hypothesi...

The hypotheses are: The null hypothesis,  infers that a unit root exists, whereas the alternative hypothesis,  concludes that there is no root. Decision rule:

Mathematical presentation of indifference curve, Mathematical Presentation:...

Mathematical Presentation: Consider the utility function U = U(x 1 , x 2 ). Differentiating totally, we get the following: dU = U 1 dx 1 + U 2 dx 2 = 0 (as along the indiffe

Heckscher-ohlin theory, Suppose Nigeria has 20 million workers and 16 milli...

Suppose Nigeria has 20 million workers and 16 million units of capital, while Botswana has 5 million workers and 3.5 million units of capital. Which of the following statements is

GDP, 1 ) GDP ...

1 ) GDP Consumption 240 244 250

Write Your Message!

Captcha
Free Assignment Quote

Assured A++ Grade

Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!

All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd