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RICS/CISC Architecture
An essential aspect of computer architecture is the design of the instruction set for the processor. The instruction set selected for a specific computer determine the way that machine language programs are constructed. Early computers had simple and small instruction sets, forced basically by the have to minimize the hardware used to implement them. With the advent of integrated circuits as digital hardware became cheaper and computer instructions tend to increase both in complexity and number. Many computers contain instruction sets that include more than hundred and sometimes even more than 200 instructions. These computers also employ a variety of data types and a large number of addressing modes. The trend for computer hardware complexity was influenced by several factors, such as upgrading existing models to provide more customer applications, adding instructions that facilitate the translation from high-level language into machine language programs and striving to develop machines that move functions from implementation of software into hardware . A computer with number of instructions is classified as a Complex Instruction Set Computer and abbreviated CISC.
In the early 1980s, a number of computer designers recommended that computers use fewer instructions with easy constructs so they may be executed much faster within the CPU without having to use memory as frequently. This type of computer is classified as a Reduced Instruction Set Computer or RISC.
Physical Memory Mapped I/O and Port I/O : CPU controlled I/O comes in 2 ways. Simply the difference is whether we utilize the normal memory addresses for I/O, this is mention
SHR : Shift Logical Right: This instruction performs bit-wise right shifts on the operand word or byte that might be reside in a memory location or a register, by the specified c
Part A: Bitwise Logical and Shift Operations Create a SPARC assembly language program that extracts a bit-field from the contents of register %l0. The position of the rightmos
LODS : Load String Byte or String Word:- The LODS instruction loads AL/AX register by the content of a string pointed to by DS:SI register pair. The SI is automatically modifie
The Alpha : The development of the Alpha chip start in the year 1988 The new chip used 64 bit technology, let users to pack more complexity into their programs than exis
Multiply two numbers by using shift and rotate instruction
Format of Control Register The format for the control register is given in Figure. Bit 0 of this register might be one before data may be output and bit two might be one
code to add two matrices
Type of Microprocessor : Microprocessors fall into 3 categories: Single Chip Microcomputers: - Contains RWM, ROM, microprocessor, I/O port, timer and clock. General pu
You have to write a subroutine (assembly language code using NASM) for the following equation.
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