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The idea of reference counting is to maintain, for every object, the total number of references to that object, i.e. the number of "incoming" pointers. Whenever the number of references is zero we know that the object is not accessible through any pointers, and thus it is garbage. Also, whenever we choose to delete some useless object,we have to recursively check that object to see if it contains pointers to other objects; if so, we have decrement the reference counters for those objects as well. One problem of reference counting, though, is how to deal with cycles. Suppose object A points to B, and B points to A. If these objects can only be reached through each other, we have to free them too, even though their counters are not zero! Note that cycles can common inmany data structures; for example, consider a doubly-linked list. The commonly adopted solution to this problem is to run mark-sweep now and then, in order to remove cyclic references, and then run normal reference counting on the rest of the time.
What is parsing Parsing is the procedure of analyzing a text, made of a sequence of tokens, to define its grammatical structure regarding to a given formal grammar. Parsing is
Define rotational latency and disk bandwidth. Rotational latency is the additional time waiting for the disk to rotate the wanted sector to the disk head. The disk bandwidth is
What are batch systems? Early computers were physically huge machines run from a console. The general input devices were card readers and tape drivers. The common output device
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Problem: a) Explain physically what occurs when a disk is fragmented. What is the purpose of "defragmenting" a disk? b) What is the idea behind backing up data on a secondar
MEMORY MANAGEMENT USING LINK LISTS The first one is for showing it is process or hole, second is for starting address and third is for length of the process and last is a point
List three ways of allocating storage, and give advantages of each. a. Contiguous allocation. Fastest, if no changes are to be made. Also simplest for random access files. b
Explain briefly the working of semaphore with example ? The E.W. Dijkstra (1965) abstracted the key idea of mutual exclusion in his concepts of semaphores. Definition A s
what if we need the portion from a text based on some keyword. For eg. My file is like below, ------------------------------------------------ Order=[ 1 2 3 4 5 Order=[ 6 7 8 9
Explain the Spawnvp Function used in the netware Spawnvp(flags, execNmae, argv) This function executes similarly to spawnlp( ) except that parameters are passed as a v
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