Procedures in pl/sql, PL-SQL Programming

Assignment Help:

Procedures 

The procedure is a subprogram which performs a specific action. You write procedures using the syntax as shown below:

PROCEDURE name [(parameter[, parameter, ...])] IS

[local declarations]

BEGIN

executable statements

[EXCEPTION

exception handlers]

END [name];

Where the parameter stand for the following syntax:

parameter_name [IN | OUT [NOCOPY] | IN OUT [NOCOPY]] datatype_name

[{:= | DEFAULT} expression]

The datatype of a parameter cannot be constrained. For illustration, the declaration below of acct_id is illegal as the datatype CHAR is size-constrained:

PROCEDURE reconcile (acct_id CHAR(5)) IS ... - illegal

Though, you can use the workaround below to size-constrain parameter types ultimately:

DECLARE

temp CHAR(5);

SUBTYPE Char5 IS temp%TYPE;

PROCEDURE reconcile (acct_id Char5) IS ...

The procedure has 2 parts: the specification and the body. The procedure specification starts with the keyword PROCEDURE and ends with the procedure name or the parameter list. The Parameter declarations are elective. The Procedures that take no parameters are written without the parentheses.

The procedure body starts with the keyword IS and ends with the keyword END followed by an optional procedure name. The procedure body has 3 parts: a declarative section, an executable section, & an optional exception-handling section.

The declarative section contains the local declarations, that are placed between the keywords IS and BEGIN. The keywords DECLARE, that introduces the declarations in an anonymous PL/SQL block, and is not used. The executable section contains statements that are placed between the keywords BEGIN & EXCEPTION (or END). At least one statement should appear in the executable section of a procedure. The NULL statements meet this necessity. The exception-handling section contains the exception handlers that are placed between the keywords EXCEPTION and END. Consider the procedure raise_salary that increases the salary of an employee by a given amount:

PROCEDURE raise_salary (emp_id INTEGER, amount REAL) IS

current_salary REAL;

salary_missing EXCEPTION;

BEGIN

SELECT sal INTO current_salary FROM emp

WHERE empno = emp_id;

IF current_salary IS NULL THEN

RAISE salary_missing;

ELSE

UPDATE emp SET sal = sal + amount

WHERE empno = emp_id;

END IF;

EXCEPTION

WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN

INSERT INTO emp_audit VALUES (emp_id, 'No such number');

WHEN salary_missing THEN

INSERT INTO emp_audit VALUES (emp_id, 'Salary is null');

END raise_salary;

Whenever called, this procedure accepts an employee number and the salary increase sum. It uses the employee number to select the present salary from the emp database table. When the employee number is not found or if the current salary is null, an exception is raised. Or else, the salary is updated.

The procedure is known as the PL/SQL statement. For illustration, you might call the procedure raise_salary as shown below:

DECLARE

emp_id NUMBER;

amount REAL;

BEGIN

...

raise_salary(emp_id, amount);


Related Discussions:- Procedures in pl/sql

Synonyms- naming conventions, Synonyms You can create the synonyms to pr...

Synonyms You can create the synonyms to provide location transparency for the remote schema objects like tables, views, sequences, stand-alone subprograms, and packages. Though,

EXCEPTION handling, set serveroutput on declare a number(5); b numb...

set serveroutput on declare a number(5); b number(5); c number(5); begin a:=&a; b:=&b; c:=a/b; dbms_output.put_line(c); exception when zero_divide then d

Relational algebra - sql, Relational Algebra - SQL It describes some ...

Relational Algebra - SQL It describes some operators, that together constitute an algebra that is not only relationally complete but also irreducibly so (very nearly- apart f

Defining records, Defining and Declaring Records To create records, yo...

Defining and Declaring Records To create records, you have to define a RECORD type, and then declare records of that type. You may also define RECORD types in the declarative

Cartesian product, Using a Join on 2 tables, select all columns and all row...

Using a Join on 2 tables, select all columns and all rows from the tables without the use of a Cartesian product. Query: SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE1 JOIN CONTRACT ON EMPLOYEE

Keyword, what is the use of declare keyword

what is the use of declare keyword

Quantification in sql, Quantification in SQL To quantify something, as...

Quantification in SQL To quantify something, as the theory book has it, is to state its quantity, to say how many of it there are. For example, in Tutorial D the expression CO

%found - explicit cursor attributes, %FOUND Subsequent to a cursor or ...

%FOUND Subsequent to a cursor or cursor variable is opened but before the first fetch, the %FOUND yields NULL. Afterward, it yields TRUE when the last fetch returned a row, or

Library system, Hi,am developing a library system and relating all the tabl...

Hi,am developing a library system and relating all the table is somehow complex,could you kindly assist me

Write Your Message!

Captcha
Free Assignment Quote

Assured A++ Grade

Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!

All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd