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MAX and MIN operator in SQL
Example:
(SELECT MAX (Mark) FROM EXAM_MARK WHERE StudentId = 'S1')
(SELECT MIN (Mark) FROM EXAM_MARK WHERE StudentId = 'S1')
Example needs no further explanation. SQL also has AVG for averages. Its counterparts aggregate AND and OR are spelled, respectively, EVERY and either SOME or ANY, but all of these must be used with care because of the consequences of the aforementioned general rule concerning the treatment of NULL. For example, if the condition c evaluates to UNKNOWN for every row of table t, or t is empty, then (SELECT EVERY(c) FROM t) evaluates to UNKNOWN, whereas when t is empty it really ought to evaluate to TRUE.
Example of GROUPBY Operator Example: How many students sat each exam, using GROUP BY, NATURAL LEFT JOIN, and COALESCE SELECT CourseId, COALESCE (n, 0) AS n FROM COURS
Using SAVEPOINT The SAVEPOINT names and marks the present point in the processing of a transaction. Used with the ROLLBACK TO statement, the savepoints undo parts of a transac
Using COUNT The COUNT returns the number of elements that a collection presently contains. For instance, when a varray projects contains 15 elements, then the following IF con
Recursion The Recursion is a powerful method for simplify the design of the algorithms. Principally, the recursion means the self-reference. In the recursive mathematical serie
The Package Specification The package specifications contain the public declarations. The scopes of these declarations are local to your database representation and global to t
Example of NOT EXISTS in SQL Example: Use of NOT EXISTS CREATE ASSERTION Must_be_enrolled_to_take_exam_alternative1 CHECK ( NOT EXISTS (SELECT StudentId, CourseId
Why Use Cursor Variables ? Primarily, you use the cursor variables to pass the query result sets between the PL/SQL stored subprograms and different clients. Neither PL/SQL nor
Use Native Dynamic SQL A few programs (a normal-purpose report writer for illustration) should build and process a variety of SQL statements at run time. Therefore, their full
Keyword and Parameter Description: label_name: This is an undeclared identifier which labels an executable statement or the PL/SQL block. You can use a GOTO statement to
Controlling Cursor Variables You use 3 statements to control the cursor variable: OPEN-FOR, FETCH, & CLOSE. At First, you OPEN a cursor variable FOR a multi-row query. Then, y
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