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Set Operators
The Set operators combine the results of the two queries into one result. The INTERSECT returns all the distinct rows selected by both queries. The MINUS returns all discrete rows selected by the first query but not by the second. The UNION returns all the discrete rows selected by either query. The UNION ALL returns all the rows selected by either query, involving all the duplicates.
Accessing Attributes: You can refer to an attribute only by its name not by its position in the object type. To access or modify the value of an attribute, you can use the dot
Example of WHEN or THEN Constraints A concrete example showing how SQL supports WHEN/THEN constraints CREATE TABLE SAL_HISTORY (EmpNo CHAR (6), Salary INTEGER NOT NULL,
Manipulating Objects: You can use an object type in the CREATE TABLE statement to indicate the datatype of a column. When the table is created once, you can use the SQL statem
Anatomy of a Command Figure, showing a simple SQL command, is almost identical to its counterpart in the theory book. The only difference arises from the fact that SQL uses a
CHECK Constraints in SQL A CHECK constraint is a table constraint defined using the key word CHECK, as already illustrated in several examples in this chapter. In particular,
SQL Cursor The Oracle implicitly opens a cursor to process each SQL statement not related with an explicit cursor. The PL/SQL refers to the most current implicit cursor as t
Implicit Cursor is declared and used by the oracle environment internally. while the explicit cursor is declared and used by the external user. more over implicitly cursors are no
Example of Check Constraints Example: Workaround for when subqueries not permitted in CHECK constraints CREATE FUNCTION NO_MORE_THAN_20000_ENROLMENTS ( ) RETURNS BOOLEAN
Stored Subprograms Normally, tools (like Oracle Forms) which incorporate the PL/SQL engine can store subprograms locally for later, strictly local execution. Though, to become
Use of Table Expressions - Expressing Constraint Conditions With the exception of key constraints, the examples in the theory book all explicitly reference at least one relvar
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