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Now, let us discuss two related algorithms for deciding which pages to evict. The clock algorithm is one of the most popular choices. It works by keeping frames in a circular structure. (Note that this circle may be very large: a 32-bit machine with 4k pages can have up to 220 1 million frames.) When a page fault occurs, it checks the reference bit of the next frame. If that bit is zero, it evicts that page and sets its bit to 1; if the reference bit is 1, the algorithm sets the bit to 0 and advances the pointer to next frame.
An implementation which is often used in real operating systems is a segmented queue. This type of algorithm divides all existing pages into two sets of pages. The most-active one-third of all pages use a clock algorithm. After that, pages that are evicted out of the clock are moved to a "uncommon" linked list, in which we use exact LRU. This way, we approximate LRU for the frequently-referenced pages (1/3 of the page frames - fast clock algorithm), and at the same time use exact LRU on the infrequently accessed pages (2/3 of all page frames). Since the pages in the uncommon list are not accessed very frequently, it is okay if their accesses are a little slower due to some pointer manipulation.
When a computer is started on, the program that executed first is named the ''operating system.'' It controls pretty much all applications in the computer. This adds who logs in, h
protection in operating system
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What is contiguous allocation? Allocation of a group of consecutive sectors for a one file.
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