Hardware interrupts - computer architecture, Computer Engineering

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Hardware interrupts:

Hardware interrupts-from I/O devices, processor, memory Software interrupts-produced by a program.

Direct Memory Access (DMA)

Interrupt or Polling driven I/O incurs considerable overhead

Saving program state
Incrementing memory addresses
Multiple program instructions
Keeping track of word count

Transfer high amounts of data at high speed without continuous intervention by the processor

DMA controller keeps track of memory locations, directly transfers to memory (using the bus)

independent of the processor

Special control circuit needed in the I/O device interface which is called a DMA controller

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