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Q. Explain Pulse-Code Modulation?
PCM is the simplest and oldest waveform coding scheme for processing an analog signal by sampling, quantizing, and binary encoding. Figure shows a functional block diagram of a PCM system transmitter. In order to guarantee that the message is band-limited to the spectral extent for which the system is designed, a low-pass filter is introduced. The compressor is rather optional for better performance. Let us assume that the PCM signal is transmitted directly over the baseband channel. Corrupted by the noise generated within the receiver, the PCM signal is shown as the input to the PCM reconstruction function in Figure, which depicts a block diagram of functions (including an optional expandor) needed to receive PCM. The operations of the receiver are basically the inverse of those in the transmitter. The first andmost critical receiver operation is to reconstruct the originally transmitted PCM signal as nearly as possible from the noise-contaminated received waveform. The effect of noise is to be minimized through a careful selection of circuit implementation.
The only knowledge required of the receiver to reconstruct the original PCMsignal iswhether the various transmitted bits are 0s and 1s, depending on the voltage levels transmitted, assuming that the receiver is synchronized with the transmitter. The two levels associated with unipolar pulses of amplitude A are 0 and A, whereas those associated with polar pulses (of amplitudes ±A) are A and -A. It is, of course, better for the receiver if the ratio of the pulse-caused voltage to the noise rms voltage is the largest possible at the time of measurement. Figure shows PCM reconstruction circuits for unipolar, polar, and Manchester waveforms.
Modify the design of the circuit shown in FIGURE and draw a circuit diagram to provide rotary actuation in both directions using a single direction pump (to replace the bi-directio
Q. Show Typical performance parameters for voltage regulators ? Typical performance parameters for voltage regulators are · Line regualtion · Load regulation · Tempara
how to be prepare for gate....
What is the difference between the unit step function u(n+4) and the time-scaled function u(2n+8)
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The distribution transformer is supplying a load at 240 V and 0.8 power factor lagging. The open-circuit and short-circuit test data are given in Example. (a) Determine the frac
Parity flag - Registers If after any arithmetical or logical operation if number of the accumulator are even parity flag (P) is set otherwise reset.
Q. The response v(t) of a linear system to a unit-step excitation i(t) is given by v(t) = (5 - 3e -t + 2e -2t ) u(t). Determine the transfer function H(s) = V (s)/I (s).
using mathlab express
In this project we will consider the control of a synchronous generator supplying electricity to the grid. We will focus on the problem of frequency stability. The frequency at whi
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