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Q. Explain Pulse-Code Modulation?
PCM is the simplest and oldest waveform coding scheme for processing an analog signal by sampling, quantizing, and binary encoding. Figure shows a functional block diagram of a PCM system transmitter. In order to guarantee that the message is band-limited to the spectral extent for which the system is designed, a low-pass filter is introduced. The compressor is rather optional for better performance. Let us assume that the PCM signal is transmitted directly over the baseband channel. Corrupted by the noise generated within the receiver, the PCM signal is shown as the input to the PCM reconstruction function in Figure, which depicts a block diagram of functions (including an optional expandor) needed to receive PCM. The operations of the receiver are basically the inverse of those in the transmitter. The first andmost critical receiver operation is to reconstruct the originally transmitted PCM signal as nearly as possible from the noise-contaminated received waveform. The effect of noise is to be minimized through a careful selection of circuit implementation.
The only knowledge required of the receiver to reconstruct the original PCMsignal iswhether the various transmitted bits are 0s and 1s, depending on the voltage levels transmitted, assuming that the receiver is synchronized with the transmitter. The two levels associated with unipolar pulses of amplitude A are 0 and A, whereas those associated with polar pulses (of amplitudes ±A) are A and -A. It is, of course, better for the receiver if the ratio of the pulse-caused voltage to the noise rms voltage is the largest possible at the time of measurement. Figure shows PCM reconstruction circuits for unipolar, polar, and Manchester waveforms.
It is uneconomic to provide adequate equipment to carry all the traffic which could possibly be offered to a telecommunication system. In a telephone exchange it's theoretically po
The expression given in Problem for (S 0 /N 0 )PCM is plotted for a sinusoidal message in Figure to show the performance curves for a PCM system using a polar waveform. (a) Comm
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a short review article on the classification of time frame
For the circuit shown in Figure, use KCL and KVL to determine i 1 , i 2 , v bd and v x . Also, find v eb .
kindly send us the formula and C program for performance improvement of distribution system using HV/LV ratio. REGARDS ANUJ AGARWALA
Q. The response y(t) of a linear system to an excitation x(t) = e -2t u(t) is y(t) = (t + 2)e -t u(t). Find the transfer function.
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Q. Explain Machine-tool process to drill or punch holes? Figure depicts an elementary system, including the input, digital processor, drill-positioning mechanism, and sampled-d
WHAT IS MIDPOINT BIASING OF A TRANSISTOR?
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