Explain nested classes (or outer and inner classes) in java?, JAVA Programming

Assignment Help:

 

In Java not all classes must be described separate from each other. You may put the definition of one class under the definition of another class. The class inside class is called an inner class and the enclosing class is called an outer class. So when you prepare an inner class, it is a member of the outer class in much the similar way as other members like attributes, constructors and methods.

 

Where should we need inner classes? Code without inner classes is hard to maintainable and readable. When you use private data members of the outer class, the JDK compiler provides package-access member functions in the outer class for the inner class to use the private members. That leaves a security hole. We could avoid it using inner classes. Use inner class only when an inner class is only in the context of the outer class and/or inner class may be prepared private so that only outer class can access it. Inner classes are needed primarily to implement helper classes like Comparators, Iterators etc which are needed in the context of an outer class.

 

Member inner class

Anonymous inner class

public class MyStack {

private Object[] items = null;

...

public Iterator iterator() {

return new StackIterator();

}

//inner class

class StackIterator implements Iterator{

...

public boolean hasNext(){...}

}

}

public class MyStack {

private Object[] items = null;

...

public Iterator iterator() {

return new Iterator {

...

public boolean hasNext() {...}

}

}

}

 

Class Type

Description

Example +

Class name

 

Outer

class

Package

member class or interface

Top level class. Only type JVM

can access.

//package scope

class Outside{}

 

Outside.class

Inner

class

static nested

class or interface

Defined within the context of the

top-level class. Must be static & can access static members of its having class. No relationship between the instances of outside and Inside classes.

//package scope

class Outside {

static class Inside{       }

}

 

Outside.class ,Outside$Inside.class

Inner

class

Member class

Defined within the context of

outer class, but non-static. Until an object of Outside class has

been started you can't create

Inside.

class Outside{

class Inside(){}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$Inside.class

Inner

class

Local class

Defined within a part of code.

Can use final local variables and final method parameters. Only

visible within the part of code that defines it.

class Outside {

void first() {

final int i = 5;

class Inside{}

}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$1$Inside.class

Inner

class

Anonymous

class

Just like local class, but no

name is used. Useful when only one instance is used in a

method. Most naturally used in

AWT/SWING event model, Spring framework hibernate call

back methods etc.

//AWT example

class Outside{

void first() {

button.addActionListener ( new ActionListener()

{

public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { System.out.println("The button was  pressed!");

}

});

}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$1.class

 

 


Related Discussions:- Explain nested classes (or outer and inner classes) in java?

What are the benefits of spring framework, The benefits of Spring are as fo...

The benefits of Spring are as follows: ? Spring has layered architecture. Use what you require and leave you don't require now. ? Spring Enables POJO Programming. There is no

Use javascript create some basic client-side validation, The last exercise ...

The last exercise of each assignment will be continuous from assignment to assignment and will have the goal of building an e-store website by the end of the course. Date & Tim

Need graphic designer and developer, My name is Myers, the project director...

My name is Myers, the project director of an online business that is scheduled to commence this summer in Nigeria. We are in the process of recruiting members to the project team a

Collections, Employee get data from console

Employee get data from console

How many jsp scripting elements , How many JSP scripting elements and what ...

How many JSP scripting elements and what are they? Ans) Three scripting language elements are there: a)      declarations, b)      scriptlets, c)       expressions.

Please help, please help please help please help please help please help pl...

please help please help please help please help please help please helpplease help please help

Student Grades Program, The program: 2 classes one called Student, one ca...

The program: 2 classes one called Student, one called Grades Functional Requirements: Ask for how many students u need to enter the program must: prompt the user to enter the

Create an embedded javascript function, Given the following XHTML page: ...

Given the following XHTML page:   Create an embedded JavaScript function named getUserInfo that prompts the user with the following two questions after the XHTML page has loa

Write html and javascript code for the needs, Write HTML and JavaScript cod...

Write HTML and JavaScript code for the needs shown in the diagram below? When ConvertoUpperCase button is pressed then the entered text is converted to upper case and result is

Difference between preemptive scheduling and time slicing, What is the diff...

What is the difference between preemptive scheduling and time slicing? Under preemptive scheduling, the highest priority task executes unless it enters the waiting or dead stat

Write Your Message!

Captcha
Free Assignment Quote

Assured A++ Grade

Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!

All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd