Explain nested classes (or outer and inner classes) in java?, JAVA Programming

Assignment Help:

 

In Java not all classes must be described separate from each other. You may put the definition of one class under the definition of another class. The class inside class is called an inner class and the enclosing class is called an outer class. So when you prepare an inner class, it is a member of the outer class in much the similar way as other members like attributes, constructors and methods.

 

Where should we need inner classes? Code without inner classes is hard to maintainable and readable. When you use private data members of the outer class, the JDK compiler provides package-access member functions in the outer class for the inner class to use the private members. That leaves a security hole. We could avoid it using inner classes. Use inner class only when an inner class is only in the context of the outer class and/or inner class may be prepared private so that only outer class can access it. Inner classes are needed primarily to implement helper classes like Comparators, Iterators etc which are needed in the context of an outer class.

 

Member inner class

Anonymous inner class

public class MyStack {

private Object[] items = null;

...

public Iterator iterator() {

return new StackIterator();

}

//inner class

class StackIterator implements Iterator{

...

public boolean hasNext(){...}

}

}

public class MyStack {

private Object[] items = null;

...

public Iterator iterator() {

return new Iterator {

...

public boolean hasNext() {...}

}

}

}

 

Class Type

Description

Example +

Class name

 

Outer

class

Package

member class or interface

Top level class. Only type JVM

can access.

//package scope

class Outside{}

 

Outside.class

Inner

class

static nested

class or interface

Defined within the context of the

top-level class. Must be static & can access static members of its having class. No relationship between the instances of outside and Inside classes.

//package scope

class Outside {

static class Inside{       }

}

 

Outside.class ,Outside$Inside.class

Inner

class

Member class

Defined within the context of

outer class, but non-static. Until an object of Outside class has

been started you can't create

Inside.

class Outside{

class Inside(){}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$Inside.class

Inner

class

Local class

Defined within a part of code.

Can use final local variables and final method parameters. Only

visible within the part of code that defines it.

class Outside {

void first() {

final int i = 5;

class Inside{}

}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$1$Inside.class

Inner

class

Anonymous

class

Just like local class, but no

name is used. Useful when only one instance is used in a

method. Most naturally used in

AWT/SWING event model, Spring framework hibernate call

back methods etc.

//AWT example

class Outside{

void first() {

button.addActionListener ( new ActionListener()

{

public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { System.out.println("The button was  pressed!");

}

});

}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$1.class

 

 


Related Discussions:- Explain nested classes (or outer and inner classes) in java?

Reading or writing disk files, For this assignment, you will simulate a fil...

For this assignment, you will simulate a file system. You will be neither creating files nor reading or writing disk files. Rather, you will have a simulation of a file system that

What does the keyword "synchronize" mean in java, What does the keyword " s...

What does the keyword " synchronize " mean in java. What are the usage and disadvantages of synchronization?

What is alternate text, What is Alternate Text ? The APPLET element ca...

What is Alternate Text ? The APPLET element can have an ALT attribute. An ALT attribute is used through a browser which understands the APPLET tag but for some purpose cannot

Javascript and coldfusion, Overview Demonstrate your knowledge of JavaS...

Overview Demonstrate your knowledge of JavaScript and ColdFusion by implementing the following functionality: Contact form • The following validation error message shou

Want an expert with knowledge of uml diagrams, Want an expert with knowledg...

Want an expert with knowledge of UML diagrams and writing experience for pages writing including diagrams. This project needs 3-4 pages of technical writing about tickets reserv

Explain init(), Explain init(), start(), stop(), and destroy() method? ...

Explain init(), start(), stop(), and destroy() method? The init() method is known as exactly once in an applet's life, while the applet is first loaded. It's generally used to

Explain how java allows the constraints on a generic type, Consider the fol...

Consider the following C++ template class. #include using namespace std; template class SortedList { public: SortedList() {size = 0;} void insert(T item); friend ostrea

Develop billing software, Develop Billing Software Project Description: ...

Develop Billing Software Project Description: Need software to print bills on A4 paper in the format provided. The details are shown below - 1. Serially generated Invoice

Explain the ? operator in java, Explain The ?  operator in Java ? The...

Explain The ?  operator in Java ? The value of a variable frequent depends on whether a particular boolean expression is or is not true and on nothing else. For example one ge

Why class can''t extend more than one class, Why is an Interface be able to...

Why is an Interface be able to extend more than one Interface but a Class can't extend more than one Class? Basically Java doesn't permit multiple inheritances, so a Class is r

Write Your Message!

Captcha
Free Assignment Quote

Assured A++ Grade

Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!

All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd