Explain nested classes (or outer and inner classes) in java?, JAVA Programming

Assignment Help:

 

In Java not all classes must be described separate from each other. You may put the definition of one class under the definition of another class. The class inside class is called an inner class and the enclosing class is called an outer class. So when you prepare an inner class, it is a member of the outer class in much the similar way as other members like attributes, constructors and methods.

 

Where should we need inner classes? Code without inner classes is hard to maintainable and readable. When you use private data members of the outer class, the JDK compiler provides package-access member functions in the outer class for the inner class to use the private members. That leaves a security hole. We could avoid it using inner classes. Use inner class only when an inner class is only in the context of the outer class and/or inner class may be prepared private so that only outer class can access it. Inner classes are needed primarily to implement helper classes like Comparators, Iterators etc which are needed in the context of an outer class.

 

Member inner class

Anonymous inner class

public class MyStack {

private Object[] items = null;

...

public Iterator iterator() {

return new StackIterator();

}

//inner class

class StackIterator implements Iterator{

...

public boolean hasNext(){...}

}

}

public class MyStack {

private Object[] items = null;

...

public Iterator iterator() {

return new Iterator {

...

public boolean hasNext() {...}

}

}

}

 

Class Type

Description

Example +

Class name

 

Outer

class

Package

member class or interface

Top level class. Only type JVM

can access.

//package scope

class Outside{}

 

Outside.class

Inner

class

static nested

class or interface

Defined within the context of the

top-level class. Must be static & can access static members of its having class. No relationship between the instances of outside and Inside classes.

//package scope

class Outside {

static class Inside{       }

}

 

Outside.class ,Outside$Inside.class

Inner

class

Member class

Defined within the context of

outer class, but non-static. Until an object of Outside class has

been started you can't create

Inside.

class Outside{

class Inside(){}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$Inside.class

Inner

class

Local class

Defined within a part of code.

Can use final local variables and final method parameters. Only

visible within the part of code that defines it.

class Outside {

void first() {

final int i = 5;

class Inside{}

}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$1$Inside.class

Inner

class

Anonymous

class

Just like local class, but no

name is used. Useful when only one instance is used in a

method. Most naturally used in

AWT/SWING event model, Spring framework hibernate call

back methods etc.

//AWT example

class Outside{

void first() {

button.addActionListener ( new ActionListener()

{

public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { System.out.println("The button was  pressed!");

}

});

}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$1.class

 

 


Related Discussions:- Explain nested classes (or outer and inner classes) in java?

PROBLEM 2, #The objective is to implement a menu-based system for Bank Acco...

#The objective is to implement a menu-based system for Bank Accounts in order to simulate a very simple banking system. Many structures have to be declared to manage bank accounts.

Page replacement algorithms code in nachos, what is the code for page repla...

what is the code for page replacement algorithms in nachos os

What are the core classes of the struts framework, Struts is a set of coope...

Struts is a set of cooperating classes, servlets, and JSP tags that make up a reusable MVC 2 design. ? JavaBeans components for managing application state and behavior. ? Eve

Batch file, how to create batch files of java program

how to create batch files of java program

Conditional Operators, I need a chart and how this works with java? The fun...

I need a chart and how this works with java? The functions itself.

What is jms client, An application or procedure that produces and/or receiv...

An application or procedure that produces and/or receives messages.

Describe about the term access protection, Describe about the term Access P...

Describe about the term Access Protection ? Global variables are a typical cause of bugs in most programming languages. A few unknown function can modify the value of a variabl

Develop news feed android app design template, Project Description: You ...

Project Description: You should give A Working, Sample Android .apk Project and Java source code Original Photoshop PSD that I can edit and customize to fit my needs All S

#The ArrayList class java, i want a full program with test about the follow...

i want a full program with test about the following: linkedComputers: We will assume that a number of methods are required. These are specified below. String getComputerName() ret

Game, any example of games that is created by java ?

any example of games that is created by java ?

Write Your Message!

Captcha
Free Assignment Quote

Assured A++ Grade

Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!

All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd