Explain nested classes (or outer and inner classes) in java?, JAVA Programming

Assignment Help:

 

In Java not all classes must be described separate from each other. You may put the definition of one class under the definition of another class. The class inside class is called an inner class and the enclosing class is called an outer class. So when you prepare an inner class, it is a member of the outer class in much the similar way as other members like attributes, constructors and methods.

 

Where should we need inner classes? Code without inner classes is hard to maintainable and readable. When you use private data members of the outer class, the JDK compiler provides package-access member functions in the outer class for the inner class to use the private members. That leaves a security hole. We could avoid it using inner classes. Use inner class only when an inner class is only in the context of the outer class and/or inner class may be prepared private so that only outer class can access it. Inner classes are needed primarily to implement helper classes like Comparators, Iterators etc which are needed in the context of an outer class.

 

Member inner class

Anonymous inner class

public class MyStack {

private Object[] items = null;

...

public Iterator iterator() {

return new StackIterator();

}

//inner class

class StackIterator implements Iterator{

...

public boolean hasNext(){...}

}

}

public class MyStack {

private Object[] items = null;

...

public Iterator iterator() {

return new Iterator {

...

public boolean hasNext() {...}

}

}

}

 

Class Type

Description

Example +

Class name

 

Outer

class

Package

member class or interface

Top level class. Only type JVM

can access.

//package scope

class Outside{}

 

Outside.class

Inner

class

static nested

class or interface

Defined within the context of the

top-level class. Must be static & can access static members of its having class. No relationship between the instances of outside and Inside classes.

//package scope

class Outside {

static class Inside{       }

}

 

Outside.class ,Outside$Inside.class

Inner

class

Member class

Defined within the context of

outer class, but non-static. Until an object of Outside class has

been started you can't create

Inside.

class Outside{

class Inside(){}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$Inside.class

Inner

class

Local class

Defined within a part of code.

Can use final local variables and final method parameters. Only

visible within the part of code that defines it.

class Outside {

void first() {

final int i = 5;

class Inside{}

}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$1$Inside.class

Inner

class

Anonymous

class

Just like local class, but no

name is used. Useful when only one instance is used in a

method. Most naturally used in

AWT/SWING event model, Spring framework hibernate call

back methods etc.

//AWT example

class Outside{

void first() {

button.addActionListener ( new ActionListener()

{

public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { System.out.println("The button was  pressed!");

}

});

}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$1.class

 

 


Related Discussions:- Explain nested classes (or outer and inner classes) in java?

What is constructors and explain with an example, What is Constructors? Exp...

What is Constructors? Explain with an example? A constructor forms a new instance of the class. It initializes all the variables and does any work essential to prepare the clas

Web-based application, Web-based Application: CIA - OMP Type     ...

Web-based Application: CIA - OMP Type                                         Web-based Application Role                                          Weblogic Administrato

What is resuscitation trolley explain their features, What is Resuscitation...

What is Resuscitation Trolley explain their features? A proper resuscitation kit is mandatory for the ICU. In addition to trolleys that can be moved around the ICU there should

How does an exception permeate through the code, How does an exception perm...

How does an exception permeate through the code? An unhandled exception moves up the method stack in search of a matching When an exception is thrown from a code which is wrapp

Interfaces and generics, In this assignment, you are provided with an inter...

In this assignment, you are provided with an interface that contains a generic type. You are asked to create two classes that implement this interface. A. The Sequenced Interfac

State about the garbage collection, Explain garbage collection. Java us...

Explain garbage collection. Java uses garbage collection to free the memory. By cleaning those objects which is no longer reference by any of the program. Step involve in clean

What are the various struts tag libraries, The Struts tag libraries are: ...

The Struts tag libraries are: ? HTML Tags ? Logic Tags ? Template Tags ? Bean Tags ? Tiles Tags ? Nested Tags

Define about the super() constructer, Super() Constructer: It is used t...

Super() Constructer: It is used to call constructor of parent class. Should be the first statement in the body of constructor. Using this we can access private variables

How marketing strategies are changed along with the progress, How marketing...

How marketing strategies are changed along with the progress in computing? How latest marketing strategies are implemented? Marketing Strategy Changes along with the latest req

What is the string concatenation, What is the String Concatenation + Op...

What is the String Concatenation + Operator is employed to concatenate strings - System.out.pritln ("Hello" + "World") will print Hello World on console String concatenat

Write Your Message!

Captcha
Free Assignment Quote

Assured A++ Grade

Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!

All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd