Explain nested classes (or outer and inner classes) in java?, JAVA Programming

Assignment Help:

 

In Java not all classes must be described separate from each other. You may put the definition of one class under the definition of another class. The class inside class is called an inner class and the enclosing class is called an outer class. So when you prepare an inner class, it is a member of the outer class in much the similar way as other members like attributes, constructors and methods.

 

Where should we need inner classes? Code without inner classes is hard to maintainable and readable. When you use private data members of the outer class, the JDK compiler provides package-access member functions in the outer class for the inner class to use the private members. That leaves a security hole. We could avoid it using inner classes. Use inner class only when an inner class is only in the context of the outer class and/or inner class may be prepared private so that only outer class can access it. Inner classes are needed primarily to implement helper classes like Comparators, Iterators etc which are needed in the context of an outer class.

 

Member inner class

Anonymous inner class

public class MyStack {

private Object[] items = null;

...

public Iterator iterator() {

return new StackIterator();

}

//inner class

class StackIterator implements Iterator{

...

public boolean hasNext(){...}

}

}

public class MyStack {

private Object[] items = null;

...

public Iterator iterator() {

return new Iterator {

...

public boolean hasNext() {...}

}

}

}

 

Class Type

Description

Example +

Class name

 

Outer

class

Package

member class or interface

Top level class. Only type JVM

can access.

//package scope

class Outside{}

 

Outside.class

Inner

class

static nested

class or interface

Defined within the context of the

top-level class. Must be static & can access static members of its having class. No relationship between the instances of outside and Inside classes.

//package scope

class Outside {

static class Inside{       }

}

 

Outside.class ,Outside$Inside.class

Inner

class

Member class

Defined within the context of

outer class, but non-static. Until an object of Outside class has

been started you can't create

Inside.

class Outside{

class Inside(){}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$Inside.class

Inner

class

Local class

Defined within a part of code.

Can use final local variables and final method parameters. Only

visible within the part of code that defines it.

class Outside {

void first() {

final int i = 5;

class Inside{}

}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$1$Inside.class

Inner

class

Anonymous

class

Just like local class, but no

name is used. Useful when only one instance is used in a

method. Most naturally used in

AWT/SWING event model, Spring framework hibernate call

back methods etc.

//AWT example

class Outside{

void first() {

button.addActionListener ( new ActionListener()

{

public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { System.out.println("The button was  pressed!");

}

});

}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$1.class

 

 


Related Discussions:- Explain nested classes (or outer and inner classes) in java?

Concept of events and events listeners and events handlers, Question: (...

Question: (a) State and explain clearly FIVE new features of Actionscript 3.0 as compared to Actionscript 2.0. (b) Explain clearly the concept of events and events listen

Why local variable is preferred over global variable, Why Local variable is...

Why Local variable is preferred over Global variable ? In my point of view Global variable has a few advantage along with Local variables is preferred because of the subsequent

Define object lock and which kinds of object have locks, What do you think ...

What do you think about an object's lock and which kinds of object's have locks?

Why use rmi when we can handle the same benefits from ejb?, EJBs are distri...

EJBs are distributed elements, which need the RMI framework for object distribution. An EJB application server gives more services like object pooling, transaction management, data

Liferay especialist and java programmer, Liferay Especialist and Java Progr...

Liferay Especialist and Java Programmer Project Description: We require to make a full functional Portal with online tools. JSF, Java, Portlets, Skills required: CSS

Java, 1. Which of the following are not valid Java identifiers, and why? (...

1. Which of the following are not valid Java identifiers, and why? (a) wolVes (b) United(there is only one) (c) 87 (d) 5 3 (e) Real ale (f) isFound?by 2. A class Television

Write down html or javascript code to declare array, Write down HTML or Jav...

Write down HTML or JavaScript code for the following requirements: Declare an Array along with the identifier SUBJECT having length 5. Assign subsequent values to the array par

Explain java.util.random package, Explain java.util.Random package? The...

Explain java.util.Random package? The java.util.Random class permits you to create objects which generates pseudo-random numbers along with uniform or gaussian distributions ac

In javascript what is event handling and inline event, In JavaScript, what ...

In JavaScript, what is event handling? What are the two categories of events? In java script we could capture events on do a few operation on the basis of which particular even

Maintenance and administration activities, Maintenance and Administration a...

Maintenance and Administration activities: Name                        : e-Commerce OS and Soft wares    : Websphere 6.0, IHS, Unix, Weblogic 8.1   Maintenance an

Write Your Message!

Captcha
Free Assignment Quote

Assured A++ Grade

Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!

All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd