Explain nested classes (or outer and inner classes) in java?, JAVA Programming

Assignment Help:

 

In Java not all classes must be described separate from each other. You may put the definition of one class under the definition of another class. The class inside class is called an inner class and the enclosing class is called an outer class. So when you prepare an inner class, it is a member of the outer class in much the similar way as other members like attributes, constructors and methods.

 

Where should we need inner classes? Code without inner classes is hard to maintainable and readable. When you use private data members of the outer class, the JDK compiler provides package-access member functions in the outer class for the inner class to use the private members. That leaves a security hole. We could avoid it using inner classes. Use inner class only when an inner class is only in the context of the outer class and/or inner class may be prepared private so that only outer class can access it. Inner classes are needed primarily to implement helper classes like Comparators, Iterators etc which are needed in the context of an outer class.

 

Member inner class

Anonymous inner class

public class MyStack {

private Object[] items = null;

...

public Iterator iterator() {

return new StackIterator();

}

//inner class

class StackIterator implements Iterator{

...

public boolean hasNext(){...}

}

}

public class MyStack {

private Object[] items = null;

...

public Iterator iterator() {

return new Iterator {

...

public boolean hasNext() {...}

}

}

}

 

Class Type

Description

Example +

Class name

 

Outer

class

Package

member class or interface

Top level class. Only type JVM

can access.

//package scope

class Outside{}

 

Outside.class

Inner

class

static nested

class or interface

Defined within the context of the

top-level class. Must be static & can access static members of its having class. No relationship between the instances of outside and Inside classes.

//package scope

class Outside {

static class Inside{       }

}

 

Outside.class ,Outside$Inside.class

Inner

class

Member class

Defined within the context of

outer class, but non-static. Until an object of Outside class has

been started you can't create

Inside.

class Outside{

class Inside(){}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$Inside.class

Inner

class

Local class

Defined within a part of code.

Can use final local variables and final method parameters. Only

visible within the part of code that defines it.

class Outside {

void first() {

final int i = 5;

class Inside{}

}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$1$Inside.class

Inner

class

Anonymous

class

Just like local class, but no

name is used. Useful when only one instance is used in a

method. Most naturally used in

AWT/SWING event model, Spring framework hibernate call

back methods etc.

//AWT example

class Outside{

void first() {

button.addActionListener ( new ActionListener()

{

public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { System.out.println("The button was  pressed!");

}

});

}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$1.class

 

 


Related Discussions:- Explain nested classes (or outer and inner classes) in java?

Imagemagick or same as text png generation, Imagemagick or same as text png...

Imagemagick or same as text png/jpg generation expert needed Project Description: Require someone who is experienced with generating text images. You will use any of the soft

What is JMS queue, Staging areas that have messages those have been sent an...

Staging areas that have messages those have been sent and are waiting to be read. Note that, contrary to what the name queue suggests, messages don't have to be delivered in the or

Explain parentheses in java, Explain Parentheses in Java ? Sometimes th...

Explain Parentheses in Java ? Sometimes the default sequence of evaluation isn't what you want. For example, the formula to change a Fahrenheit temperature to a Celsius tempera

Describe synchronization in respect to multithreading, Describe synchroniza...

Describe synchronization in respect to multithreading. With respect to multithreading, synchronization is the capability to control the access of multiple threads to shared res

Forward action and include action, What is the difference among ForwardActi...

What is the difference among ForwardAction and IncludeAction? Ans) The difference is that you require to use the IncludeAction only if the action is going to be contained by ano

Design a program for robot, Assume all the obstacles are of height 4 units ...

Assume all the obstacles are of height 4 units and the blocks are of heights 1 (bottom), 2 (top), 1 and 2 (top) units respectively.  Complete the control() method of the RobotContr

I want solution to this question., This assignment is based on the principl...

This assignment is based on the principles of clock consistency and associated drifts in a distributed system. You have to create a simulation, running on a single machine, of a si

Explain difference between an if and a switch statement, What is the differ...

What is the difference between an if statement and a switch statement? The if statement is used to select between two alternatives. It uses a boolean expression to decide whi

What are the object and class classes used for, The Object class is the hig...

The Object class is the highest-level class in the Java class hierarchy. The Class is used to show the classes and interfaces that are loaded by a Java program..

Java coding required, Java coding required Project Description: Need ...

Java coding required Project Description: Need to develop a website. Require Java coders urgently. Skills required are Graphic Design, HTML, PHP, Java, Website Design

Write Your Message!

Captcha
Free Assignment Quote

Assured A++ Grade

Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!

All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd