Explain nested classes (or outer and inner classes) in java?, JAVA Programming

Assignment Help:

 

In Java not all classes must be described separate from each other. You may put the definition of one class under the definition of another class. The class inside class is called an inner class and the enclosing class is called an outer class. So when you prepare an inner class, it is a member of the outer class in much the similar way as other members like attributes, constructors and methods.

 

Where should we need inner classes? Code without inner classes is hard to maintainable and readable. When you use private data members of the outer class, the JDK compiler provides package-access member functions in the outer class for the inner class to use the private members. That leaves a security hole. We could avoid it using inner classes. Use inner class only when an inner class is only in the context of the outer class and/or inner class may be prepared private so that only outer class can access it. Inner classes are needed primarily to implement helper classes like Comparators, Iterators etc which are needed in the context of an outer class.

 

Member inner class

Anonymous inner class

public class MyStack {

private Object[] items = null;

...

public Iterator iterator() {

return new StackIterator();

}

//inner class

class StackIterator implements Iterator{

...

public boolean hasNext(){...}

}

}

public class MyStack {

private Object[] items = null;

...

public Iterator iterator() {

return new Iterator {

...

public boolean hasNext() {...}

}

}

}

 

Class Type

Description

Example +

Class name

 

Outer

class

Package

member class or interface

Top level class. Only type JVM

can access.

//package scope

class Outside{}

 

Outside.class

Inner

class

static nested

class or interface

Defined within the context of the

top-level class. Must be static & can access static members of its having class. No relationship between the instances of outside and Inside classes.

//package scope

class Outside {

static class Inside{       }

}

 

Outside.class ,Outside$Inside.class

Inner

class

Member class

Defined within the context of

outer class, but non-static. Until an object of Outside class has

been started you can't create

Inside.

class Outside{

class Inside(){}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$Inside.class

Inner

class

Local class

Defined within a part of code.

Can use final local variables and final method parameters. Only

visible within the part of code that defines it.

class Outside {

void first() {

final int i = 5;

class Inside{}

}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$1$Inside.class

Inner

class

Anonymous

class

Just like local class, but no

name is used. Useful when only one instance is used in a

method. Most naturally used in

AWT/SWING event model, Spring framework hibernate call

back methods etc.

//AWT example

class Outside{

void first() {

button.addActionListener ( new ActionListener()

{

public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { System.out.println("The button was  pressed!");

}

});

}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$1.class

 

 


Related Discussions:- Explain nested classes (or outer and inner classes) in java?

Explain about the dynamic behavior of core java, This language was designed...

This language was designed to adapt the changing environment and behavior. New methods and instance variables can be added to the client side without any major changes happening at

Java, 1. Which of the following are not valid Java identifiers, and why? (...

1. Which of the following are not valid Java identifiers, and why? (a) wolVes (b) United(there is only one) (c) 87 (d) 5 3 (e) Real ale (f) isFound?by 2. A class Television

Vending machine, i have got project of Vending machine. would you please he...

i have got project of Vending machine. would you please help me about how to start and how to use coding.thanks

Padovan String, A Padovan string P(n) for a natural number n is defined as:...

A Padovan string P(n) for a natural number n is defined as: P(0)=''X'' P(1)=''Y'' P(2)=''Z'' for a string characters ''X'',''Y'',''Z'' only,and given value of n,write a program th

What is synchronous messaging, Synchronous messaging involves a client that...

Synchronous messaging involves a client that waits for the server to respond to a message. So if one end is down the whole communication will fail.

Write a parser, I have a parser. it is written in Java. I need to add a has...

I have a parser. it is written in Java. I need to add a hash table to it. I am wondering about if you can do it.

Multi treading array program, You are to write a program name arrayScaling....

You are to write a program name arrayScaling.java that will randomly generate 5000 integer number raging from 1 - 49 and place them in an array. 1.  The program will scale thi

Develop a shopping carts application , To develop a shopping carts applicat...

To develop a shopping carts application for an online store of your choice Outcomes: 1. Apply the GUI components of Java and other tools to create user-friendly interfaces.

Develop a computer program and application, Develop a Computer program and ...

Develop a Computer program and application. Project Description: I want a project done. It is a computer desktop application program. It is not very hard. If you need the det

Write Your Message!

Captcha
Free Assignment Quote

Assured A++ Grade

Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!

All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd