Explain nested classes (or outer and inner classes) in java?, JAVA Programming

Assignment Help:

 

In Java not all classes must be described separate from each other. You may put the definition of one class under the definition of another class. The class inside class is called an inner class and the enclosing class is called an outer class. So when you prepare an inner class, it is a member of the outer class in much the similar way as other members like attributes, constructors and methods.

 

Where should we need inner classes? Code without inner classes is hard to maintainable and readable. When you use private data members of the outer class, the JDK compiler provides package-access member functions in the outer class for the inner class to use the private members. That leaves a security hole. We could avoid it using inner classes. Use inner class only when an inner class is only in the context of the outer class and/or inner class may be prepared private so that only outer class can access it. Inner classes are needed primarily to implement helper classes like Comparators, Iterators etc which are needed in the context of an outer class.

 

Member inner class

Anonymous inner class

public class MyStack {

private Object[] items = null;

...

public Iterator iterator() {

return new StackIterator();

}

//inner class

class StackIterator implements Iterator{

...

public boolean hasNext(){...}

}

}

public class MyStack {

private Object[] items = null;

...

public Iterator iterator() {

return new Iterator {

...

public boolean hasNext() {...}

}

}

}

 

Class Type

Description

Example +

Class name

 

Outer

class

Package

member class or interface

Top level class. Only type JVM

can access.

//package scope

class Outside{}

 

Outside.class

Inner

class

static nested

class or interface

Defined within the context of the

top-level class. Must be static & can access static members of its having class. No relationship between the instances of outside and Inside classes.

//package scope

class Outside {

static class Inside{       }

}

 

Outside.class ,Outside$Inside.class

Inner

class

Member class

Defined within the context of

outer class, but non-static. Until an object of Outside class has

been started you can't create

Inside.

class Outside{

class Inside(){}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$Inside.class

Inner

class

Local class

Defined within a part of code.

Can use final local variables and final method parameters. Only

visible within the part of code that defines it.

class Outside {

void first() {

final int i = 5;

class Inside{}

}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$1$Inside.class

Inner

class

Anonymous

class

Just like local class, but no

name is used. Useful when only one instance is used in a

method. Most naturally used in

AWT/SWING event model, Spring framework hibernate call

back methods etc.

//AWT example

class Outside{

void first() {

button.addActionListener ( new ActionListener()

{

public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { System.out.println("The button was  pressed!");

}

});

}

}

 

Outside.class , Outside$1.class

 

 


Related Discussions:- Explain nested classes (or outer and inner classes) in java?

Project, Prog. Concepts - Project The objective is to implement a menu - ba...

Prog. Concepts - Project The objective is to implement a menu - based system for Bank Accounts in order to simulate a very simple banking system. Many structures have to be declare

Need to modify joomla component, Project Description: I want to modify J...

Project Description: I want to modify Joomla component. Now there is Akeeba subscription component on this site. It works and the whole thing is fine, but there is no "teaser

Garbage collection guarantee, Is it right that garbage collection guarante...

Is it right that garbage collection guarantee that a program will not run out of memory?

Loosely coupled soa, Loosely coupled SOA SOA gives in loosely coupled ...

Loosely coupled SOA SOA gives in loosely coupled application elements, in which message is not necessarily tied to a particular database. Loose coupling actives enterprises to

Javascript work, It could be something simple for a good js coder. But ther...

It could be something simple for a good js coder. But there may be a custom design and I can give more feedback for the person who is interested in working with me. Check Invisi

Please help, Write a program to find the area under the curve y = f(x) betw...

Write a program to find the area under the curve y = f(x) between x = a and x = b, integrate y = f(x) between the limits of a and b. The area under a curve between two points can b

Explain the concept of inheritance, Question: (a) (i) Explain the conc...

Question: (a) (i) Explain the concept of inheritance. Illustrate your answer with a suitable Java example. (ii) Java does not support multiple inheritance but does provide

Animal trim java, Create an application for an animal-fur trimming service....

Create an application for an animal-fur trimming service. The business is open 15 weeks of the year, from April through July. The fee for a small animal (under 6 pounds) is $100, a

Where the local varible declared, Where the local varible declared? Dec...

Where the local varible declared? Declaring variables within a function, makes them local .They are available only within that function and hold no meaning outside of it

OOP, differentiate between states and behaviors of n object

differentiate between states and behaviors of n object

Write Your Message!

Captcha
Free Assignment Quote

Assured A++ Grade

Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!

All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd