Existential quantification - sql, PL-SQL Programming

Assignment Help:

Existential Quantification - SQL

Existential quantification-stating that something is true of at least one object under consideration-can be expressed by OR(r,c), meaning that at least one object that satisfies a predicate for r also satisfies c, and IS_NOT_EMPTY(r). The names for the aggregate operators AND and OR reflect the facts that when we confine our attention to finite sets, universal and existential quantification are equivalent to repeated invocations of dyadic AND and dyadic OR, respectively. Note that AND(r,c) is equivalent to COUNT(r) = COUNT(r WHERE c), and OR(r,c) is equivalent to COUNT(r WHERE c) > 0 and also to IS_NOT_EMPTY(r WHERE c).

Quantification also appears in various guises in SQL, but its meaning is muddied by those same two violations of relational theory that we have already seen muddying the waters: duplicate rows and NULL. For example, SQL's (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM r), a so-called scalar subquery (because it is an expression denoting a table with one row and one column, enclosed in parentheses), denotes the number of rows in the table r, but can we really say that this represents the number of objects that satisfy a predicate for r, if the same row can be counted more than once, or if NULL appears in place of a column value in some row of r? In fact, what might it mean to say that a row does or does not satisfy a predicate? In 2VL we say that object a satisfies predicate P(x) exactly when P(a) is true. Does this still hold in 3VL, or might SQL deem a to satisfy P(x) also when P(a) is unknown? Well, it turns out that SQL uses both interpretations, depending on the context, as we shall discover.

 


Related Discussions:- Existential quantification - sql

Scope rules - user-defined exceptions, Scope Rules You cannot declare ...

Scope Rules You cannot declare an exception twice in the similar block. Though, you can, declare the similar exception in 2 different blocks. The Exceptions declared in a bloc

Relational algebra, Define basic operators of relational algebra with an ex...

Define basic operators of relational algebra with an example each

Oracle 10g new features and differences , Oracle 10G new features:- Au...

Oracle 10G new features:- Automatic Database Diagnostic Monitor System Advancements - these methods will provides several methods for extracting reports through the Automatic

First step at defining type sid in sql, First Step at defining type SID in ...

First Step at defining type SID in SQL CREATE TYPE SID AS ( C VARCHAR(5) ) ; Explanation: TYPE SID announces that a type named SID is being defined to the syst

Difference between 9i & 10g, Difference between 9i & 10G When Oracle r...

Difference between 9i & 10G When Oracle releases any new databases then it are having some discrepancy with them. But 10G is having much difference than oracle 9i has. Oracle

Example of except operator - sql, Example of EXCEPT Operator - SQL Ex...

Example of EXCEPT Operator - SQL Example, like its counterpart in the theory book, illustrates the convenience of allowing any table expression to be the source for an INSERT

Sequential control - pl/sql, Sequential Control Dissimilar to the IF and ...

Sequential Control Dissimilar to the IF and LOOP statements, the GOTO and NULL statements are not important to the PL/SQL programming. The configuration of PL/SQL is such that th

Using savepoint, Using SAVEPOINT The SAVEPOINT names and marks the pre...

Using SAVEPOINT The SAVEPOINT names and marks the present point in the processing of a transaction. Used with the ROLLBACK TO statement, the savepoints undo parts of a transac

Enforce security in the database system, Question: (a) In the context o...

Question: (a) In the context of database security explain how the following database features help to enforce security in the database system: (i) Authorisation (ii) Access

Exception handling, set serveroutput on declare a number(5); b n...

set serveroutput on declare a number(5); b number(5); c number(5); begin a:=&a; b:=&b; c:=a/b; dbms_output.put_line(c); exception when zero_d

Write Your Message!

Captcha
Free Assignment Quote

Assured A++ Grade

Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!

All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd