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Declaring and Initializing Objects:
An object type is once defined and installed in the schema; you can use it to declare the objects in any PL/SQL, subprogram, block or package. For illustration, you can use the object type to specify the datatype of a column, attribute, variable, bind variable, table element, record field, formal parameter, or function result. At the run time, instances of the object type are formed that is, the objects of that type are instantiated. Each object can hold various values. These objects follow the usual scope and instantiation rules. In a subprogram or block, the local objects are instantiated whenever you enter the block or subprogram and cease to exist when you exit. In a package, the objects are instantiated when you first reference the package and cease to exist whenever you end the database session.
Fetching Across Commits The FOR UPDATE clauses acquire exclusive all row locks. All rows are locked when you open the cursor, and when you commit your transaction they are unl
Consider the schema for FreeChecking Bank, that we designed given below. Translate the given ER schema into SQL CREATE TABLE statements (indicating primary key, unique and foreign
Parameter and Keyword Description: select_item: This select_item is a value returned by the SELECT statement, and then assigned to the equivalent variable or field in the
Parameter Default Values As the illustration below shows, you can initialize the IN parameters to the default values. In that way, you can pass various numbers of actual par
Data Types and Representations This explains the concept possible representation, abbreviated possrep, and explains how these can be used in conjunction with constraints to de
In Packages The Forward declarations also group logically related subprograms in the package. The subprogram specifications go in the package specification, & the subprogram b
Read-Only Operator (+) - SQL The term read-only operator to the mathematical term function. Here I just need to add that the SQL standard reserves the term function for read-
Wrapping and unwrapping in SQL Operators WRAP and UNWRAP in connection with attributes whose declared types are tuple types. Example shows how extension and projection can be
Committing and Rolling Back The COMMIT and ROLLBACK end the active autonomous transaction but do not exit the autonomous routine. As the figure shows, if one transaction ends,
Variable Declaration - SQL SQL's support for variables is very similar to Tutorial D's, except that the syntax for creating persistent variables-base tables-is quite differen
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