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Declaring and Initializing Objects:
An object type is once defined and installed in the schema; you can use it to declare the objects in any PL/SQL, subprogram, block or package. For illustration, you can use the object type to specify the datatype of a column, attribute, variable, bind variable, table element, record field, formal parameter, or function result. At the run time, instances of the object type are formed that is, the objects of that type are instantiated. Each object can hold various values. These objects follow the usual scope and instantiation rules. In a subprogram or block, the local objects are instantiated whenever you enter the block or subprogram and cease to exist when you exit. In a package, the objects are instantiated when you first reference the package and cease to exist whenever you end the database session.
Variable Declaration - SQL SQL's support for variables is very similar to Tutorial D's, except that the syntax for creating persistent variables-base tables-is quite differen
Calling Constructors: The Calls to a constructor are allowed wherever the function calls are allowed. Similarly to the functions, a constructor is called as a section of an ex
UTL_FILE: The Package UTL_FILE permits your PL/SQL programs to read & write operating system (OS) text files. It gives a restricted version of the standard OS stream file I/O,
Other monadic - SQL In 2VL there are just 4 (2 2 ) monadic operators, of which negation is really the only "useful" one. When a third truth value is introduced we have 27 (3 3
DELETE Command - SQL Loosely speaking, DELETE removes some existing rows from its target table. Suppose the university decides that course C3 is to be withdrawn. Example shows
Product-specific Packages The Oracle and different Oracle tools are supplied with the product-specific packages which help you to build the PL/SQL-based applications. For illu
Use Object Types and Collections The Collection types and object types increase your efficiency by allowing for the realistic data modeling. The Complex real-world entities an
Operators on Tables and Rows Row Extraction TUPLE FROM r, SQL has row subqueries. These are just like scalar subqueries except that they may specify more than one column.
Parameter SELF in pl/sql The MEMBER methods recognize a built-in parameter named SELF that is an instance of the object type. Whether declared explicitly or implicitly, it is
Avoid the NOT NULL Constraint In the PL/SQL, using the NOT NULL constraint incur a performance cost. Consider the illustration as shown below: PROCEDURE calc_m IS m NUMB
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