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Advantages of Exceptions
Using the exceptions for the error handling has many benefits. Without an exception handling, every time you issue a command, you should ensure for the execution errors:
BEGIN
SELECT ...
-- check for 'no data found' error
The Error processing is not clearly separated from general processing; nor is it robust. If you ignore to code a check, the error goes unobserved and is possible to cause other, apparently unrelated errors. With the exceptions, you can handle errors correctly without the requirement to code the multiple checks, which is as shown:
...
EXCEPTION
WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN -- catches all 'no data found' errors
The Exceptions improve readability by letting you isolate the error-handling routines. The primary algorithm is not covered by error recovery algorithms. The Exceptions also improve reliability. You do not need to worry about checking for an error at every point it might occur. An exception handler is just adding to your PL/SQL block. If the exception is still raised in that block or any sub-block, you can be definite it will be handled.
Updating Variables For assignment, SQL uses the key word SET, as in SET X = X + 1 (read as "set X equal to X+1") rather than X: = X + 1 as found in many computer languages.
Forward Declarations The PL/SQL needs that you declare an identifier before using it. And hence, you should declare a subprogram before calling it. For illustration, the decla
LOB Types The large object (LOB) datatypes like BFILE, BLOB, CLOB, and NCLOB store the blocks of unstructured data (like graphic images, text, video clips, and sound waveforms)
Parameter and Keyword Description: EXIT: An unconditional EXIT statement (i.e., one without a WHEN clause) exits the present loop instantly. The Execution resumes with th
Example of EXCEPT Operator - SQL Example, like its counterpart in the theory book, illustrates the convenience of allowing any table expression to be the source for an INSERT
Using Operator REF: You can retrieve refs by using the operator REF that, like VALUE, takes as its argument a correlation variable. In the illustration below, you retrieve one
LAWS / RULES - Dollo's Law : Living organisms do exhibit evolutionary irreversibility or evolution is irreversible. Williston's Law
EXIT-WHEN The EXIT-WHEN statement permits a loop to complete conditionally. Whenever the EXIT statement is encountered, the condition in the WHEN clause is computed. When the co
COMMIT Statement The COMMIT statement explicitly makes everlasting changes to the database during the present transaction. The Changes made to the database are not considered e
Iteration Schemes The bounds of a loop range can be variables, literals, variables, or expressions but must compute to integers. Below are some of the examples. As you can see t
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