Exception Handling

Exception handling is a programming language conception or computer hardware mechanism projected to handle the occurrence of exceptions, special conditions that alter the normal execution of program.

Programming languages differ substantially in their support for exception handling. Some programming languages have functions which cannot be safely evoked on invalid input data or functions which return values that cannot be differentiated from exceptions.
For example, in C the atoi (ASCII to integer conversion) function may revert zero (0) for any input that cannot be parsed into a valid value. In such languages, the programmer must either execute error checking or validation of input.

The degree to which such explicit validation and error checking is necessary in contrast to exception handling support allowed for any programming environment. Hardware exception handling differs from the support offered by software tools, but concepts and terminology are predominant.

An exception is handled by saving the current flow of execution in a predefined place and switches the execution to a particular subroutine referred as an exception handler. Based on the situation, the handler may later resume the execution at the original location using the saved information.

From the processing point of view, hardware interrupts are similar to presumable exceptions, though they are not related to the user's program flow.
A mechanism for evoking an exception is referred as a throw. The exception is said to be thrown and  is transferred to a catch.

In Java or .NET, there are tools that attach to the run time engine and every time that an exception of interest takes place, they record debugging information existed in memory at the time the exception was thrown. These tools are known as automated exception handling or error interception tools and render 'root cause information for the exceptions.

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