Q. Write short note on Open Foundation?

Broadly the foundation are classified into open i.e. shallow & deep foundations open as stated are shallow foundation where the soil strata excavated by pick axe, blasting, straight bars etc to required depth which is generally 1 to 2 meter depth. The excavated strata is visible to eyes for inspection directly. In railways x y z types of foundations provided which are open foundation. Raft ,Grillage foundations are also open ones due to direct visible inspection decision can be more correct with out depending on details collected & on ward study of the strata. Although open foundation has easy construction but may not be economical of the depth of hard strata suitable for founding is more than 2 meter.