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WHILE-LOOPThe WHILE-LOOP statement relates a condition with the series of statements enclosed by the keywords LOOP and END LOOP, as shown:WHILE condition LOOPsequence_of_statementsEND LOOP;Before each of the iteration of the loop, the condition is computed. If the condition is true, then the series of statements is executed, then the control resumes at the top of the loop. When the condition is false or null, the loop is then bypassed and control passes to the next statement. An illustration is shown below:WHILE total <= 25000 LOOP...SELECT sal INTO salary FROM emp WHERE...total := total + salary;END LOOP;The number of iterations depends on the condition and is not known until the loop done. The condition is tested at the top of the loop, so the series might execute zero times. In the last illustration, if the initial value of total is bigger than 25000, the condition is false and the loop is bypassed.A few languages have a LOOP UNTIL or REPEAT UNTIL structure, that tests the condition at the bottom of the loop rather than at the top. So, the sequence of the statements is executed at least once. The PL/SQL has no such structure, but you can easily build one, as shown:LOOPsequence_of_statementsEXIT WHEN boolean_expression;END LOOP;To make sure that a WHILE loop executes at least once, then use an initialized Boolean variable in the condition which is as shown below:done := FALSE;WHILE NOT done LOOPsequence_of_statementsdone := boolean_expression;END LOOP;The statement inside the loop should assign a new value to the Boolean variable. Or else, you have an infinite loop. For illustration, the following LOOP statements are logically equal:WHILE TRUE LOOP | LOOP... | ...END LOOP; | END LOOP;
Subprograms The PL/SQL has two types of subprograms known as the procedures and functions that can take parameters and be invoked. As the following example represents, a subp
Semidifference via EXCEPT and JOIN - SQL SELECT * FROM (SELECT StudentId FROM IS_CALLED WHERE Name = 'Devinder' EXCEPT DISTINCT CORRESPONDING SELECT StudentId
Raise_application_error - procedure of package DBMS_STANDARD , allows to issue an user_defined error messages by stored sub-program or database trigger.
THEO R Y OF CATASTROPHISM OR CATALYSM (CUVIER 1769-1832) - The world has passed thorugh several stages and at the end of each stage there was a catastrophe killing all the
%ISOPEN The %ISOPEN yields TRUE if its cursor or cursor variable is open; or else, the %ISOPEN yields FALSE. In the illustration, you use the %ISOPEN to select an action:
Autonomous versus Nested Transactions Though an autonomous transaction is started by the other transaction, it is not a nested transaction for the reasons shown below: (i)
Keyword and Parameter Description: label_name: This is an undeclared identifier which optionally labels the PL/SQL block. When used, label_name should be enclosed by the do
Implicit Cursors The Oracle implicitly opens a cursor to process each SQL statement not related with an explicitly declared cursor. The PL/SQL lets you refer to the most recen
Complete the following steps to create a procedure to calculate the tax on an order. The BB_TAX table contains the states that require taxes to be submitted for Internet sales. If
FETCH Statement The FETCH statement retrieve rows of data one at a time from the result set of the multi-row query. The data is stored in fields or variables which correspond t
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