. Which of the following is a reason why traditional product costing techniques have become obsolete in a lean operating environment?
a. More complex accounting is required in a lean operating environment.
b. Computerized processes and systems under lean enable direct tracing of many costs.
c. Automation has not significantly replaced direct labor hours with machine hours.
d. Lean operations have not changed many of the cost patterns associated with traditional manufacturing.
e. All of the above apply.