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What is Atomic Models?The concept of atoms was first suggested by the ancient Greeks. The atom was supposed to be the smallest piece of matter. Then J. J. Thompson discovered the electron, and the atom was found to be made of several smaller pieces. Ernest Rutherford conducted an experiment in which he shot alpha particles at thin gold foil. Based on his observations, he constructed a model of an atom that was mostly empty space. Practically all of the atom's mass is concentrated in a very small central nucleus, which is positively charged because of its protons; the nucleus is surrounded by an equal number of negatively charged electrons that are relatively far away. In 1913, Niels Bohr postulated that the hydrogen atom had one proton with one electron, which could only occupy definite allowed orbits. The most stable orbit is the one closest to the nucleus, and the atom is in the ground state when the electron occupies this most stable orbit. Only certain amounts of energy can be absorbed and used in order to have the electron jump to a higher energy orbit. When the electron returns to the lowest orbit, the atom can only give off a photon of energy equal to the change in energy of the electron. Only orbits where mvr = nh/2Π for the electron are possible. The principal quantum number, n, can be 1, 2, 3, 4, etc. The diagram shows the energy levels of hydrogen.
Cooling water flows through a jacketed reactor and is controlled by a valve. The cooling water flow rate through the jacket obeys the following relation: where the pres
Potential barrier One either side of the junction, the region ‘D' becomes free from mobile charge carriers. That is on n-type side of D, no free electrons exist and on p-type s
Rayleigh-Jeans law For any blackbody at thermodynamic temperature T, the radiancy R onto a range of frequencies among nu & nu + dnu is provided by R = 2 pi nu 2 k T/c 2 .
What is intramodal dispersion in optical fibres? Intramodal dispersion (Δτ mat ) Intramodal dispersion is nothing although material dispersion. The velocity dissimilarity of
Q. What are the limitations of electron microscope? An electron microscope is operated merely in high vacuum. This prohibits the utilize of the microscope to study living organ
State the importance of emission and absorption spectra. Derive the mathematical expression for refractive index of material of the prism.
A body of mass 500g IS heated such that its température roses from -4*c to 100*c calculate the total heat energy consumed
Two speakers are driven by the same oscillator whose frequency is f. They are located a distance d from each other on a vertical pole. A man walks straight toward the lower speaker
Write down the condition for dispersion without deviation. Describe power of a lens. What do you mean by magnification?
We can produce energy from dynamic Casimir effect?
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