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What are the reasons for having variable length records? What are the various ways to store variable length records?
Variable-length records arise in a database in various ways:
(i)Storage of multiple items in a file. (ii)Record types allowing variable field size (iii)Record types allowing repeating fieldsVarious ways of storing variable length records:
(i) In fixed form through allocating every record, maximum amount of space in which can be occupied a record and padding smaller sized records along with nulls. (ii) Special separator characters among the records to delineate variable length records.
Which operator is used to compare a value to a list of literals values that have been specified? BETWEEN operator is used to compare a value to a list of literals values that h
What is aggregate function? Briefly describe it? Aggregate functions are functions that take a collection of values as input and return a one value. SQL offers 5 built-in aggre
Write short notes on transaction state? A transaction may not always complete its implementation successfully such a transaction is termed aborted A transaction must be in o
The database files accept the actual data and are typically the biggest in size. Depending on their shape, the tables for all the user operation can go in one database file-but
Association as a cache This association must be updated when any new element is added to it, but testing for overlap using association is more efficient. Figure:
Database design Database tables will be created for you on the Technology web server. The schema will be as follows. Please note that this is a simplified database structure, d
Example- Search the salary of employees who are not 'ANALYST' but get a salary below than or equal to any people employed as 'ANALYST'. SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, SAL FROMEMP
why are older data models are being replaced by new data models
When is UPDATE_STATISTICS command used? - When processing of large data is done, this command is used. - Whenever large number of modification, deletions or copy takes place
Some disadvantages of File Oriented System ?
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