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As already discussed, the reduction of the metallic oxide usually heating it with some reducing agent such as carbon, carbon monoxide, hydrogen or some other metal. The reducing agent joins with oxygen of the metal oxide.
M2O2 + yC xM +yCO Some metals oxides get reduced easily while others are reduced with difficulty. Some oxides are condensed at relatively low temperatures while others are reduced at relatively high temperatures. Thermodynamic considerations play an important role in deciding the temperature and the choice of reducing agent in the thermal reduction during metallurgy. For a spontaneous process, the changes in Gibbs energy ΔG must be negative. The changes in Gibbs energy ΔG for any process at any specific temperature, is described by the equation ΔG = ΔH - TΔS Where, ΔH is the enthalpy change T is the absolute temperature and ΔS is the entropy change for the process. For any reaction, this change could also be described from the equation: ΔG° = RTInK Where, K is the equilibrium constant of the 'reactant product' system at temperature T. a negative value of ΔG implies a positive value of K. Consider a reaction, the randomness of the system decreases because the gases have more randomness than solids. Hence, ΔS for this reaction is negative. Thus, if temperature is increased then TΔS becomes more negative. Since TΔS is subtracted in equation, ΔGbecomes less negative. On the other hand, if ΔS is positive, on increasing the temperature of ΔG decreased and becomes more negative. For example, in the reaction, 2C (s) + O2 (g) 2CO (g) ΔS is positive and ΔG decreases and becomes more negative as the T increases. If the reactants and products of two reactions are put together in a system and the net Gibbs free energy change, ΔG of the two possible reactions is negative, and then the overall reaction will occur. Thus, the process of interpretation of feasibility of a process involve coupling of the reactions, calculating the sum of their ΔG and then observing the magnitude and sign of ΔG. Such coupling is easily understood in the form of Ellingham diagram.
A covalent bond between two atoms is formed by which of the following: (1) Electron nuclear attraction (2) Electron sharing (3) Electron transfer (
The chemical reaction at one time the rate of forward and backward reaction becomes equal that state is known as Equilibrium state.
Uses of Phenol - Hydrocarbon Phenol is extensively used in industry. The important applications of phenol are (i) Phenol is used as an antiseptic in soaps, lotions and ointm
Dear sir, We need your consultancy in a technical problem that we are confronting, and we would really appreciate your help We are in the process of implementing the heavy metal an
advantages and dis advantages
Chemotherapy - chemistry in action The phrase chemotherapy that literally means chemical therapy or chemical treatment was coined in the year 1913 by Paul Ehrlich, the father o
Plz tell me the units of absorptivity if it has any units
A diluted polymer solution with a density of 1130 kg/m3 was extruded by a capillary tube of 3.5 mm internal diameter and 1 m long. The following results were contained at 25°C.
Why alcoholic acidity express in terms of sulphuric acid
What does this mean? H+/H2O
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