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As already discussed, the reduction of the metallic oxide usually heating it with some reducing agent such as carbon, carbon monoxide, hydrogen or some other metal. The reducing agent joins with oxygen of the metal oxide.
M2O2 + yC xM +yCO Some metals oxides get reduced easily while others are reduced with difficulty. Some oxides are condensed at relatively low temperatures while others are reduced at relatively high temperatures. Thermodynamic considerations play an important role in deciding the temperature and the choice of reducing agent in the thermal reduction during metallurgy. For a spontaneous process, the changes in Gibbs energy ΔG must be negative. The changes in Gibbs energy ΔG for any process at any specific temperature, is described by the equation ΔG = ΔH - TΔS Where, ΔH is the enthalpy change T is the absolute temperature and ΔS is the entropy change for the process. For any reaction, this change could also be described from the equation: ΔG° = RTInK Where, K is the equilibrium constant of the 'reactant product' system at temperature T. a negative value of ΔG implies a positive value of K. Consider a reaction, the randomness of the system decreases because the gases have more randomness than solids. Hence, ΔS for this reaction is negative. Thus, if temperature is increased then TΔS becomes more negative. Since TΔS is subtracted in equation, ΔGbecomes less negative. On the other hand, if ΔS is positive, on increasing the temperature of ΔG decreased and becomes more negative. For example, in the reaction, 2C (s) + O2 (g) 2CO (g) ΔS is positive and ΔG decreases and becomes more negative as the T increases. If the reactants and products of two reactions are put together in a system and the net Gibbs free energy change, ΔG of the two possible reactions is negative, and then the overall reaction will occur. Thus, the process of interpretation of feasibility of a process involve coupling of the reactions, calculating the sum of their ΔG and then observing the magnitude and sign of ΔG. Such coupling is easily understood in the form of Ellingham diagram.
In the transition of Zn atoms to Zn ++ ions there is a decrease in the: (1) Number of valency electrons (2) Atomic weight (3) Atomic number (4) Equivalent weight A
ionic bonds are usually formed by combination of elements with which type of ionisation potential or electron affinity
Freons - Halogen Derivatives The chloro fluoro that is derivatives of methane and ethane are called freons. Some of the derivatives are: CHF 2 Cl (monochlorodifluoromethane)
how do you calculate equivalent weight of salts
Nucleophilic aromatic substitution is possible, but involves substitution of a typical leaving group rather than a hydrogen atom. Remembering that S N 2 and S N 1 mechanisms are no
I want to know how to determine the acid insoluble ash of a flour sample with principle,procedure as well as calculations.
functions of triglycerides The functions of triglycerides are as given (a) Triglycerides are energy reserves in the cells and tissues of living procedure. While digested, tr
A first order reaction takes 69.3 minutes for 50% completion. Set up an equation for determining the time needed for 80% completion of this reaction.
An organic compound is any member of a large class of chemical compounds which molecules have carbon and hydrogen; thus, carbides, carbonates, carbon oxides and elementary carbon
Q. Show the properties of Lithium Aluminium Hydride? Lithium aluminium hydride is much more useful than aluminium hydride. It is prepared in the laboratory by the action of LiH
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