Question:

(a) Waste management usually follow a planned approach, often based around the idea of a waste hierarchy. Provide an example a waste hierarchy in which there has been a change from lower technology to higher technology application. Discuss briefly the stages involved.

(b) Waste minimisation by industry and commerce, including source reduction, may involve a number of different operational activities. Provide four detailed examples of changes in packaging involving waste minimisation.

(c) Within the waste industry incineration is the controlled high temperature destruction of combustible material. Consider the following two types of emissions produced by incinerators:

(i) Gas phase emission

(ii) Particulate emission

State one possible major problem associated with each emission. Provide relevant solutions to the problems stated.