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Use of Table Comparisons - SQL
Table comparisons where it is noted that although table expressions cannot be compared, we have TABLE (t) to convert a table expression t into a value expression of type ROW ( r ) MULTISET, where r is the row type of t. However, the only operator in SQL for comparing two multisets is "=", so SQL has no direct counterparts of examples, which use "⊆", and nor does this chapter.
Those examples are shown merely to demonstrate that every constraint that can be expressed as an invocation of IS_EMPTY can be formulated alternatively as an invocation of "⊆". If SQL were to have a counterpart of that operator, it would presumably have to be an "is submultiset of " operator, where m1 is a submultiset of m2 if and only if each element of m1 appears at least as many times in m2 as it does in m1. But SQL doesn't have such an operator.
Character Types The Character types allow you to store alphanumeric data, represent words and text, and manipulate the character strings. CHAR You use the CHAR dataty
%NOTFOUND The %NOTFOUND is logical, opposite of the %FOUND. The %NOTFOUND yields FALSE if the last fetch returned a row, or TRUE when the final fetch failed to return a row. I
User-Defined Exceptions The PL/SQL defines the exceptions of your own. Dissimilar to the predefined exceptions, the user-defined exceptions should be declared and should be rai
Processing Transactions This part describes how to do the transaction processing. You learn the fundamental techniques that safeguard the consistency of your database, involvin
Count Operator in SQL Example: Counting the students who have scored more than 50 in some exam (SELECT COUNT (*) FROM (SELECT DISTINCT StudentId FROM EXAM_MARK WHE
Remote Operations: As the illustration shows below, the PL/SQL subprograms can execute the dynamic SQL statements which refer to the objects on a remote database: PROCEDURE
Using Aliases The Select-list items fetched from a cursor related with the %ROWTYPE should have simple names or, if they are expressions, should have aliases. In the example bel
Assignment Statement: The assignment statement sets the present value of the variable, parameter, field, or element. The statement consists of an assignment target followed by
Using PRIOR and NEXT The PRIOR(n) returns the index number that precede index n in a collection. The NEXT(n) returns the index number which succeed the index n. If n has no pr
Manipulating Objects: You can use an object type in the CREATE TABLE statement to indicate the datatype of a column. When the table is created once, you can use the SQL statem
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