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Type 1 and type 2 superconductors: For one group of SUPERCONDUCTOR in which below Hc is in the Meissner state, where it excludes all the magnetic flux from the interior of the sample. Above Hc it is in normal state, where the magnetic flux penetrates the sample as it would normally and the conductivity is finite. The superconductor of this group is called Type 1 superconductor or soft superconductor. They are usually pure specimens of some elements and the value of critical magnetic field for them is always too low to have any useful technical applications in coils for super conducting magnets. They are completely diamagnetic and give away their super conductivity at lower field strength. For other groups of superconductors, the transition does not occur sharply from the Meissner state to the normal state, but goes through an intermediate phase. The applied field is able to pierce through certain local regions of the sample. As the applied field is below than Hc1, the specimen is diamagnetic and hence the flux is completely excluded in this range of field, it is called critical field. At this flux begins to penetrate the specimen and the penetration increases until Hc2 is reached. At Hc2 the magnetization vanishes and the specimen becomes normal conductor, Hc2 is called upper critical field. Moreover, the magnetization of this group of superconductors vanishes gradually as the field is increased rather than suddenly as for the Type 1 superconductors. However they are completely superconductors for all fields below Hc2. The superconductors of this group are called Type 2 superconductors or hard superconductors. They tend to be alloys or transition metals with high values of electrical resistivity in the normal state.
INTERMEDIATE STATE: When the specimen becomes super conductor the flux is concentrated at the sides of the specimen the initiation of the transition from superconducting state to normal state may exists as a complex mixture of normal and superconducting regions called the Intermediate state. The intermediate state is considered completely equivalent to a mixture of the two states.
What are the electron microscopy application areas? Electron microscopy application areas are as follows: a. Biology and life sciences b. Semiconductor and data storage
1) Examine a particular thin film system in some depth -review the literature. Ag deposited on GaAs Al deposited on Si Fe/Cr/Fe multilayer structures 2) E
A man pushes a couch a distance of 0.75 m. If 113 J of work is done. what is the magnitude of the horizontal force applied?
State Gauss's law. The total flux of the electric field E over whichever closed surface is equal to 1/ε o times the net charge enclosed by the surface. That is φ = q / ε
what does it result?
A bicycle is supported so that it is stopped from falling sideways but can move forwards or backwards; its pedals are in their highest and lowest positions. A student crouches
CELL EMF: The size of a cell has no bearing on the emf that it will produce, the generated emf being determined solely by the materials used in its construction. Another point
Two vibrating particles that are "out of phase" differ in the phase of their vibration by: a) 1/4 cycle b) 1/2 cycle c) 3/4 cycle d) 1 cycle Ans: Two vibra
what is the substance produced in the liver that acts in the small intestine during digestion?
what is the work done of a man standing on a height of 13 meter holding a bag of 6 kg
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